Go To Table of Contents

SCRIBE

Scoring and Data Transcription Computer MANUFACTURER United Aircraft Corporation Norden Division Photo by Educational Testing Service APPLICATIONS Manufacturer System is used for special purpose data processing and off-line scoring and transcription, with general applications to topologically equivalent systems. Educational Testing Service Located at Princeton, New Jersey, the SCRIBE consists of a paper handler and mark-sensing unit, a processing unit and a card punch. It is designed primarily for the processing of test answer sheets. As a data processor and transcriber, it processes up to 2,240 pencil marks on one side of one 8 1/2" x 11" sheet of paper onto one punched card at the rate of 100 sheets per minute. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Manufacturer Internal number system Binary Coded Decimal Decimal digits/word Variable Binary digits/instruction 5 Instructions per word Variable 1 to 3 Instructions decoded 15 A single bit adder is used. Instruction type One address Number range 0 - 999 Instruction word format is variable. A wired program interpreting core memory is used. The equipment is a special purpose data processor used mainly for the scoring and transcription of answer sheets. It can be used for other topologically equivalent documents. It is programmed by scanning an array sheet which is marked in accordance with the identification instructions and their addresses. A drum memory with 24 answer keys is used for automatically scoring as many as 6 different keys indicated on an answer sheet. ARITHMETIC UNIT Manufacturer Construction (Arithmatic unit only) Transistors and diodes are used in a single bit adder. Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential STORAGE Manufacturer No. of No. of Access Media Words Bits Microsec Core 600 17 14 Drum 784 40 17,000 The drum memory also contains two 480 bit recirculating registers for output buffering to card pinch.

BRL 1961, SCRIBE, start page 0847

INPUT Manufacturer Medium Speed 8 1 /2 x 11 inch Sheet 100 sheets/min (2240 marking positions) The sheet is arranged into 40 positions per row and a me- ydnnn of 56 rows. The row arrangement is 8 groups of positions. OUTPUT Manufacturer Medium Speed Punched card (80 column) 100 cards/min Parallel card punch speed synchronous with input. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Manufacturer Type Quantity Diodes 1N700 Approximately 5, 000 et al Transistors 2N317 2N388 2N404 2NN426 and others Total Approximately 3,500 Magnetic Cores 10,800 There are a few vacuum tubes (L10) in the system for voltage reference plus the photomultiplier tubes used for sensing. CHECKING FEATURES Manufacturer Checking features include many built in routines plus parity check on magnetic core memory. POWER. SPACE. WEIGHT. AND SITE. PREPARATION Manufacturer KVA, System 3 KVA Volume, system 250 cu ft Area, System 50 sq ft Floor loading 86 lbs/sq ft Weight, System 4,300 lbs Air conditioned at 60^o - 95^oF Relative humidity at 20% - 60%. 208 v, 3 phase, 60 cps PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Manufacturer One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Shift Shifts Operators 1 2 Engineers 1 1 Technicians 1 2 In-Output Oper 1 2 Training made available by the manufacturer to the user includes training to suit users requirements. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Manufacturer Provides mark sensing capabilities of most intense mark in a group plus ability to provide for variations in background level. Includes printing facility for identifying sheets in alternate stack. System has a capability of scoring mixed answer sheets of different tests. Educational Testing Service Outstanding features include sensing of marks by reflected light, extensive automatic checking, and stored-program processing. Unique system advantages include the ability to use any of 24 distinct scoring keys during one scoring run, the ability to process positionally coded information, and the ability to shunt certain sheets aside for separate processing. INSTALLATIONS Educational Testing Service 20 Nassau Street Princeton, Hew Jersey

BRL 1961, SEAC, start page 0848

SEAC

BRL 1961, SEAC, start page 0849

Picture by National Bureau of Standards ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access Microsec. Microsec. Add time 192 - 1,540 48 Mult time 2,300 - 3,650 2,112 Div time 2,300 - 3,650 2,112 Construction 1200 Germanium diodes, 80 delay lines, 60 pulse transformers, 61 vacuum tubes. Rapid access word registers 3 Basic pulse repetition rate 1 Megacycle/sec Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential Operation time varies with memory being used. Acoustic and electrostatic memory may be used together in computer. STORAGE Microsec Media Words Digits Access Acoustic (Mercury) 1,024 46,080 216 (avg) Electrostatic (CRT) 1,024 46,080 12 Magnetic Tape 24,000 52 x 24 x 10³ bits/unit No. of units that can be connected 5 Units No. of chars per linear inch 260 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 37.5 Inches/sec Transfer rate 104 Chars/sec Start time 0.5 Millisec Stop time 0.5 Millisec Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 3600 Feet Composition Mylar - 1 Mil Multi-channel tape system is under construction. INPUT Media Speed Keyboard (Flexowriter) Manual (Max 10 char/sec) Paper Tape (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec Paper Tape (Potter) 150/600 char/sec(Photoelectric) Magnetic Wire (Pierce) 65 words/sec (New unit) Magnetic Tape 135 words/sec (Single Channel) Magnetic Tape 4,500 words/sec (Multichannel) Punched Card 330 char/sec OUTPUT Media Speed Printer (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec Paper Tape (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec Paper Tape Teletype) 58 char/sec Paper Tape (Soroban) 240 char/sec Magnetic Wire (Pierce) 65 words/sec Magnetic Tape 135 words/sec Magnetic Tape 4,500 words/sec Input-output word lengths are single word, 8 words, or variable block up to capacity of memory with single instruction.

BRL 1961, SEAC, start page 0850

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Quantity Tubes 6AN5 1,625 6AK5 256 Misc 400 (approx) Approximately 45 tube types, including power supplies, etc. Diodes Germanium 24,000 (apprix) Several types Delay lines 850 (approx) CHECKING FEATURES Fixed Parity check for acoustic storage. Parity check for electrostatic storage. Optional "AUTOMONITOR" - Order by order and breakpoint monitoring of program progress available to operator by console switch setting. Address in memory, instruction being performed and its result may be printed on Flexowriter, punched paper tape, magnetic wire or tape automatically. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 25 KVA Power, air conditioner 5.76 Kw 7.2 KVA 0.80 pf Volume, computer 680 cu ft Area, computer 85 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 77 cu ft Area, air conditioner 17 sq ft Weight, computer 3,000 lbs (Central Machine) Weight, air conditioner 1,500 lbs. Dimensions of computer are 5 x 17 ft. Air conditioner measures 77 x 31 x 56 inches. Floor space for computer control console, memories and auxiliaries is 1,386 sq. ft. Floor space for sir conditioner and power supplies is 225 sq. ft. PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 1 Number in current operation 1 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Since SEAC is being used as a research tool rather than for computation, it is not used on a regularly scheduled basis. Training of programmers is done internally within the user groups. Available only to Government agencies. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY Average error-free running period 3 hours Good time 4,877 hours Attempted to run time 5,786 hours Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run) 0.83 Figures based on period 26 Aug. 55 to 14 Sep. 56 Acceptance test May 1950 The above figures are for system reliability and include the SEAC and all its auxiliary equipments. Basic building block is well-designed pulse repeater stage of excellent reliability. Plug in pulse transformers, gating diodes and electrical delay lines simplify maintenance problems. Heat producing elements are mounted on same side of vertical chassises in cooled airstream. All signals are ready accessible for oscilloscope monitoring. When computer was in operation 20 hrs/day, 7 days a week, with 4 hrs. for preeventive maintenance, high speed circuitry was approximately 95% reliable. Overall system 85% - 95% Computer is now 10 years old and with reduced demands and maintenance staff this figure mast be de-rated somewhat. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include a variety of auxiliary devices, autamonitoring of program, ease of "talking" with the machine, and two counter registers which may be used for program sequencing and address base numbers. See DYSEAC also.

BRL 1961, SEAC, start page 0851

FUTURE PLANS Possibility exists for adding 1,o24 words of acoustic delay line memory to be used as parallel access memory for activating display devices. In combination with the existing machine features this will greatly aid continuing work in character recognition studies. INSTALLATIONS Rational Bureau of Standards U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

BRL 1961, SPEC, start page 0852

SPEC

SPEC Mark III Computing System MANUFACTURER Computer Control Company, Incorporated Photo by Computer Control Company, Inc. APPLICATIONS System is designed and used for teaching machine operation and basic programming techniques, teaching logical design, general purpose computation, the solution of differential equations, and for the rapid implementation of special logical systems. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 13 Binary digits/instruction 13 Instructions per word One Instructions decoded 8 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address Number range - 4095 to+ 4095

BRL 1961, SPEC, start page 0853

Photo by Computer Control Company, Inc. Instruction word format +------+--------+---------+-----------+ | 13 | 12 11 | 10 4 | 3 1 | +------+--------+---------+-----------+ | Sign | Unused | Address | Operation | | | | | Code | +------+--------+---------+-----------+ The above information applies to SPEC as a general purpose computer. As a digital differential analyser SPEC has 20 integrators, a 21 bit word length, and is a binary, stored program machine. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add 221 13 Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential STORAGE No. of No. of Access Media Words Bin Digits Microsec Magnetostrictive 128 (GPC) 13 208 (Avg) Delay Line Magnetostrictive 20 (DDA) 21 Delay Line GPC - General Purpose Computer DDA - Digital Differential Analyzer Four 416-bit delay lines are available, in which words of almost any length may be stored merely by making appropriate changes in the logical wiring. INPUT Octal Keyboard. Speed depends on operator's skill. System input is adaptable to punched paper tape input.

BRL 1961, SPEC, start page 0854

Rear Photo by Computer Control Company, Inc. OUTPUT Media Speed Register Indicator Lights For both GPC and DMA Analog Output (for plotter) MA only Digital Output (incremental Up to 200 points/sec for plotter DDA only CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Quantity Diodes 1,617 Transistors 279 POWER, SPACE. WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION Power, computer 0.06 Kw Volume, computer 19 cu ft Area, computer 4.52 sq ft Floor loading 68.5 lbs/sq ft 77.5 lbs concen max Weight, computer 310 lbs PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 1 Number in current operation 0 Number in current production 4 Number on order 4 Time required for delivery 3 months Four are on order to Redstone Arsenal

BRL 1961, SPEC, start page 0855

COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Mark I Model $17,695.00 Mark II Model 19,195.00 Mark III Model 24,895.00 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS The entire logical wiring is on removable patchboard, which facilitates quick change from general purpose computer to digital differential analyzer or utilization for logical implementation. The system allows the student or user complete freedom in logical design study without any possibility of equipment damage due to incorrect wiring. The SPEC (stored program educational computer) is available in three models: Mark I -General purpose computer only Mark II -Digital differential analyzer only Mark III - General purpose computer, digital differential analyzer, universal logic implementer. Only Mark III has logical wiring on patchboard and may be converted from GPC to DDA merely by interchanging two prewired patchboards. Other arrangements of components may be accomplished by appropriate wiring of other patchboards. Components of SPEC are Computer Control Company's standard plugin digital modules. INSTALLATIONS Computer Control Company, Inc. Western Division 2251 Barry Avenue Los Angeles 64, California Redstone Arsenal Huntsville, Alabama

BRL 1961, STORED PROGRAM DDA, start page 0856

STORED PROGRAM DDA

Stored Program Digital Differential Analyzer MANUFACTURER International Business Machines Corporation Federal Systems Division Photo by International Business Machines Corporation, Federal Systems Division APPLICATIONS Computing system is used for missile guidance and the simulation of complex weapons systems by a realtime tie-in to an IBM 704 E. D. P. M. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word nominally 22 bits Binary digits/instruction 4 Instructions per word 5 Instructions decoded 365 (16 basic) Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type Transfer direction - "To" and "From"

BRL 1961, STORED PROGRAM DDA, start page 0857

Instruction word format +--------+---+---+---+---+---------+----+----+----+----+ | "From" | | | | | | | | | | | Word | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | . . . . | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | +--------+---+---+---+---+---------+----+----+----+----+ | "To" | | | | | | | | | | | Word | | | | | | | | | | +--------+---+---+---+---+---------+----+----+----+----+ | | Instruction Word Lengths | Two Bit | | | | Word | | | | Control | +--------+-----------------------------------+---------+ The organization of the computer will allow various trade-off possibilities between number of integrators, accuracy and solution rates. For example, a solution rate of approximately 33,000 iterations per second can be achieved in generating a sineaosine function with an accuracy of 1 part in 215. On the other hand, a problem requiring 300 integrations with the same accuracy can be solved at a rate of 220 iterations per second. Program is defined as for an IBM 704 System. ARITHMETIC UNIT Integration 22 Microseconds Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential Nominal standard mode Iteration Rate 623 Solutions/sec Capacity 73 Integrators (w/22 bit words) Bit Rate 1 megacycle Arithmetic mode can be selected to operate in a standard mode. Rate mode (62321 x 2N iterations/sec) or Number Mode (21 x 2^N), where 0 <= N <= 5. STORAGE No. of No. of Access Medium Words Digits Microsec Magnetostrictive 219 3,358 22 Delay Line INPUT Media Speed Toggle Switches Cards (IBM 402) 240 words/sec I/0 Register 625 words/sec The I/0 Register is used with Tie-in to the IBM 704 EDPM. Automatic programming by the IBM 704 EDPM can be coded into cards which can be loaded into the DDA via the card feed unit. OUTPUT Media Speed Pulse Motor 40 pulses/sec (bidirectional) Neon Lights (For online checks) I/0 Register 625 words/sec (DC Analog Computer) Pulse Motor 240 pulses/sec (Omni-directional) The I/0 Register is used with Tie-in to an D-C Analog Computer to provide an analog display on an X-Y coordinate Variplotter, and/or in a solution to a simulation problem requiring both analog and digi- tal computations. Neon lights are used for digital display. Pulse motors are used as direct outputs from the DDA computer, which, in turn, can be used to control potentiometer settings for control of an analog plant. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Quantity DDA System Diodes 886 (T-16G Germanium) Transistors 309 (Microalloy Drift Germanium) Control Unit for 704 Tie-in Transistors 400 MADT) 30 GE 396) Diodes 1,133 (T16G) Total Components(with 704 Tie-in) DDA Computer 3,114 704 Tie-in con- 4,675 trol Unit Control Unit for ASM application Transistors 220 (MADT) Diodes 504 (T166) Circuits have been packaged for ground base military operation or airborne applications using either germanium or silicon transistors. CHECKING FEATURES Manual operation in observing results of simulated problem is possible for performing checking operations. Checks are visual - sine-cosine generation, problem reversal, and pre-computed accuracy at a given time from a reference. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION Power, computer 0.029 Kw Volume, computer 0.73 cu ft Area, computer 0.75 sq ft Weight, computer 30.5 lbs PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 1 Number in current operation 1 Time required for delivery 4 months PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS One 8-Hour Shift Programmers 1/4 - 1 Technicians 1/2 RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY Circuit designs include, 100,000 hour reliability, noise rejection (33% to 40% of signal), environmental tests Mil-E-S272-A and radiation tests (integrated flux - 3 x 10¹³ neutrons/cm²). Packaging techniques include welded encapsulated modules, cube pack, and printed circuit cards. The estimated Mean-Time between Failures (EMT) is 2,855 hours. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include a variable solution rate mode. Unique system advantages include automatic 704 programming and computer flexibility for binary or ternary increment transfer. Tie- in to IBM 704 EDPM and D-C Analog computer will provide problem solutions requiring both full value and incremental techniques, and permit investigation of computer communications. FUTURE PLANS Plans include an increase in speed and a reduction of circuit costs by a factor of 3.

BRL 1961, SWAC, start page 0878

SWAC

NBS Western Automatic Computer MANUFACTURER National Bureau of Standards Photo by National Bureau of Standards APPLICATIONS General purpose scientific computation, research in numerical analysis computing methods. The National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer (Originally the "Zephyr", known as SWAC). A medium-sized, high-speed computer with 256 word electrostatic (Williams type) memory, and an 8,192 word drum storage. The machine is described in the IRE, Proceedings, Computer Issue, 1953. Some applications of SWAC includes the study of discrete variable problems. The use of diffuse surface optical model of the nucleus in the analysis of elastic scattering of charged particles by complex nuclei. The analysis of the crystalline structure of vitamin B12. Determination of many of the larger prime numbers. Valuable work on semi-groups, traffic simulation, the growth of cloud drops, counter gradient methods, queueing theory, and on correlation and factor analysis in psychology. The SWAC is used as a training tool and as a prototype for computer study in courses of the UCLA curriculum. Its increased use as a data translator is contemplated if the University acquires another high speed computer. Some data conversion is now done on SWAG in connection with problems to be solved on the WDPC 709 computer, operated on campus under the direction of the Department of Business Administration. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 37 incl. sign Binary digits/instruction 36 Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 13 Instructions used 13 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type Four address Number range - (1 - 2^-36) to + (1 - 2^-36) Binary point lies between sign and most significant digit. Arithmetic is done with absolute value and sign. The fourth address controls an optional dump and selects the auxiliary devices.

BRL 1961, SWAC, start page 0879

ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add 64 5.3 Mult 368 296 Div Not a logical operation Construction 9 tubes/register Rapid access word registers 3 Basic pulse repetition rate 125 Kc/sec Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential Auxiliary equipment asynchronous, computer halts and waits for signal. The storage access time includes the 4th address reference. There are 37 parallel registers in the arithmetic unit (three input adders). System uses simultaneous carry and static storage of the addend and the augend. Germanium diodes (semi- conductors) for logical "and" and "or" circuitry. STORAGE No. of No. of Access Media Words Digits Microsec Electrostatic (CRT) 256 9,984 8 Magnetic Drum 8,192 311,296 17,000 The regeneration time on the electrostatic storage unit is 8 microseconds. The drum access time is given for a 64-word block transfer. The drum transfers in blocks of 64, 32, 16 or 8 words. Average time of transfer for less than a 64 word block is 13,000 microseconds. A magnetic core memory of 512 words has been built to replace the present 256-word electrostatic store, and it is currently planned to attach two magnetic tape units of 150 inch/second read-record speed. INPUT Media Speed Punched Cards (IBM) 240 cards/min Keyboard Manual Eleven words may be punched on each card. The key- board is adapted for code checking. Peripheral equipment includes IBM punched card reader, card punch, and EAM printer, for on-line use, and a typewriter. The usual card preparation equipment forms part of the installation. OUTPUT Media Speed Punched Cards 100 cards/min Tabulator (IBM 402) 80 lines/min Typewriter 30 words/min Twenty-four words per card may be punched on output. The tabulator is a decimal output device, printing 72 characters per line. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Tubes 2,500 Crystal diodes 4,000 CHECKING FEATURES Fixed No interlocks or transfer checks are used. Optional Parity check on drum transfers is controlled by a toggle switch. Breakpoints may be stored on noncommands to halt machine when loss of control occurs. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 30 - 35 Kw Power, air conditioner 20 HP Capacity, air conditioner Two 10-Ton units and a 5,000 cu ft/min fan PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced 1 Number operating 1 COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Approximate cost of basic system $400,000 Rental rates for additional equipment IBM equipment $750/month The rental charge for use of the computer and auxiliary equipment is $40/hour. The rental rate does not apply to use of peripheral equipment when not connected to the computer. Such additional use is free. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS The personnel requirements for maintenance consist of one full time supervisor, one full time principal electronics technician, and two half-time technicians recruited from the students. The programming is done mostly by the users of the machine, in "open-shop" style, but there are a programming supervisor, one full time, and one half-time systems programmers. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY Average error-free running period 25 Minutes Good time 796 Hours Attempted to run time 938 Hours Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.85 Figures based on period 1 Apr 56 to 30 Jun 56 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Mar 51 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS The SWAC was moved during the period from September 1959 to June 1960, from quarters in a temporary building to a permanent site in one of the Engineering buildings on campus. While the move was underway modernization of the power equipment was undertaken, primarily to replace obsolescent equipment with new. The console was modernized with the addition of a portable keyboard permitting remote operation of the computer for instructional purposes. The drum, which had been in operation since January 1956, was rebuilt with new bearings, and the surface turned down. A new airconditioning plant was installed. The computer was debugged by September 1, 1960, and has been operating regularly since that date. Its reliability is better than before the move, but by how much will have to be determined by the performance records of the next few months. INSTALLATIONS Department of Mathematics, Numerical Analysis Research University of California Los Angeles 24, California (Sponsored by:Office of Naval Research and Office of Ordnance Research)

BRL 1961, SYLVANIA S 9400, start page 0860

SYLVANIA S 9400

Sylvania Model 59400 ADDS MANUFACTURER Sylvania Electric Products, Incorporated APPLICATIONS The Sylvania 9400 Data Processing System has been designed as a general purpose computing system with built-in real time applications ability. The computer is capable of handling the largest of the commercial type data processing problems and is equally at home when working on the most sophisticated scientific problems. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 37 Binary digits/instruction 37 Instructions per word 1 Instructions decoded 64 Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point Instruction type Modified single address Number range - 2²⁴² + 2²⁵⁵ - 1 x 2^-256 + 1 x 2^-256 +(2²⁴² - 2²⁵⁵) Instruction word format +--------+--------+--------------+----------------+ | OP | 1 | M | A | +--------+--------+--------------+----------------+ | 1 6 | 7 9 | 10 21 | 22 36 | +--------+--------+--------------+----------------+ Automatic built-in subroutines include clear memory. Automatic coding includes COBOL, ALGOL, 94AP. Registers and B-boxes Arithmetic Registers Accumulator B Auxiliary Register of the Arithmetic Unit Q Used during multiplication and division P/C Program Counter to count steps of Program P/C facilities return from sub-routines Index Registers Instruction Register Address Register X Register G Register Error Alarm Register Real Time In Real Time Out Control Register Decoder Register ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add 8 4 Mult 43 39 Div 44 40 Construction (Arithmetic unit only Vacuum-tubes None Transistors 13,507 Condenser-diodes 5,565 STORAGE No. of No. of Access Media Words Bin/Dig Microsec Magnetic Cores 32,768 38 4 Random Access Disc 6,000,000 200,000 Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 64 Units No. of char/linear inch of tape 600 A/N Char/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 16 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 1 Inch Tape speed 150 Inches/sec Transfer rate 90 KC A/N Char/sec Start time 3 Millisec Stop time 1.5 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 45 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 1 Inch Length of reel 3,600 Feet Composition Mylar INPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape 90,000 char/sec Card Reader 2,000 char/min Paper Tape 270 char/sec Real time 120,000 char/sec OUTPUT Media Speed Typewriter 10 char/sec Magnetic Tape 90,000 char/sec Paper Tape Punch 100 char/sec Card Punch 250 char/min Printer 900 lines/min 120 char/line 64 printing characters CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Tubes None Diodes 2,000 Varies depending on system configuration Transistors 36,000 Varies depending on system configuration Magnetic cores 1,319,920 This includes buffers for I/0 devices. CHECKING FEATURES Internal parity Marginal checking capabilities

BRL 1961, SYLVANIA S 9400, start page 0861

POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 20 KVA 0.9 Pf Volume. computer 2,220 cu ft Volume, air condi 150 cu ft Area, computer 360 sq ft Area, air conditioner 15 sq ft Room size, computer 1,200 sq ft Roam size, air condi 30 sq ft Floor loading 175 lbs/sq ft 1,000 lbs concen mar Capacity, air conditi 10 Tons Weight, computer 21,825 lbs Minimum preparation is required for the system. It is desirable to install a raised floor to allow the cables to be buried out of the way. The S-94.00 operates on 208 volt, three phase, 4 wire, 60 cycle power supply. Line voltages must be maintained plus or minus 10% PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 1 Number in current operation 1 Number in current production 4 Number on order 2 Time required for delivery 12 months Training of programming analysts and operators provided, either at manufacturer's training center or at customer's installation. This system bas entered system tests. COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Model Monthly Purchase Monthly Description No. Rental Price Maintenance ON-LINE SYSTEM UNITS Central Processor Includes 9401 $16,500 $825,000 $1,110 Arithmetic and Control Unit Console and Output Typewriter Floating Point Power Supply 32,768 Word Memory 9432 12,500 625,000 633 16, 384 Word Memory 9416 9,400 470,000 475 Input-Output Processor 9410 2,750 137,500 140 Magnetic Tape Unit 9490 950 47,500 185 High-Speed On-Line Printer and Buffer 9440 3,200 160,000 610 Disc Storage Unit & Buffer: 20 Million Char. One Address Register 9452 5,640 282,000 1,340 80 Million Char. One Address Register 9453 6,800 340,000 1,750 20 Million Char. Three Address Registers 9450 6,720 336,000 1,340 80 Million Char. Three Address Registers 9451 8,840 442,000 1,750 Card Reader Punch & Buffer 100-100 cpm 9481 850 42,500 90 Card Reader Punch & Buffer 800-250 cpm 9482 2,250 112,500 380 High-Speed Card Reader & Buffer 2000 cpm 9486 2,400 120,000 550 Paper Tape Reader & Punch System 9460 1,200 60,000 276 Real Time System 9415 760 38,000 50 OFF-LINE SYSTEMS High-Speed Paper Tape to Magnetic Tape 9465 4,140 207,000 925 System Includes: Magnetic Tape Unit Buffer & Control Unit 2 Paper Tape Readers (1000 cps) High-Speed Off-Line Printer System Includes: 9445 5,750 287,500 1,195 Magnetic Tape Unit Buffer & Control Unit High-Speed Printer High-Speed Card to Magnetic Tape 9485 5,200 260,000 1,135 System Includes: High-Speed Card Reader (2000 cpm) Buffer & Control Unit Magnetic Tape Unit ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features are functional modularity, moderate size, low power and air conditioning requirements, high speed, flexibility, real time, the ability to work with a large number and a wide variety of I/0 devices, scatter read/write, and read tape reverse. Large computer systems such as this one are seldom duplicated from one installation to anather. Individual problems and applications require unique configurations and special features that establish either purchase or lease price. Upon completion of a feasibility study, when the requirements are known along with a calculated growth, costs could be determined.

BRL 1961, SYLVANIA UDOFTT, start page 0862

SYLVANIA UDOFTT

Sylvania Universal Digital Operational Flight Trainer Tool MANUFACTURER Sylvania Electric Products, Incorporated Photo by U. S. Naval Training Device Center APPLICATIONS Manufacturer UDOFTT (Universal Digital Operational Flight Trainer, Tod) represents the first application of a high-speed, general purpose digital computer to real-time control of operational flight trainers. Developed by Sylvania under contract with the U. S. Naval Training Device Center, UDOFTT is presently being used as a research tool upon which extensive mathematical investigations relative to real- time simulation will be conducted. As a joint Navy and Air Force project, the first UDOFTT system has the capability of simulating Navy Sub-Sonic and Air Force Super-Sonic jet aircrafts. To accomplish simulation of actual aircraft flight, UDOFTT consists primarily of three units: Stored program digital computer Aircraft cockpit mockups Instructors' consoles Through the use of a stored program digital computer, simulation of different aircraft can be accomplished by merely changing the computer program. The exploitation of this flexibility is the key to the realization of the full advantages of digital over analog systems as operational control elements. Basically, a high speed, general purpose digital computer, UDOFTT represents an advancement in the design of real-time control computers. Using dual 4096-word random access core memories, the basic order time for UDOFTT is five microseconds with the result that a complete addition, including memory access time, can be accomplished in the five microsecond interval. Containing actual aircraft controls, the cockpit is connected to the computer portion of UDOFTT so that actuation of the controls and instruments will give the appearance of actual flight. Consisting primarily of a duplication of the instruments contained in the aircraft cockpit, the instructor's console is used to monitor aircraft performance. It can also be used for the insertion of emergency situations such as engine failure, fires, rough air, and many others. Developed as a research tool for evaluation and testing of digital computers for flight simulation, UDOFTT is equally adaptable to such simulation functions as space vehicles, submarines and testing of flight dynamics. A study has been conducted for the U. S. Naval Training Device Center on a transistorized successor to UDOFTT. As a result, future digital computers for real-time control systems may be reduced to 40

BRL 1961, SYLVANIA UDOFTT, start page 0863

cubic feet and may be adapted to either fixed site or vehicular mounted applications. U. S. Naval Training Device Center The system, located at the U. S. Naval Training Center, Simulation Computer Lab., 605 Stewart Avenue, Garden City, N. Y., is used for the investigation of the application of high speed digital electronic data processing machines to real time training and simulation problems of the military services. The initial phase concerns the application to the operational flight trainer (flight simulator) problem utilizing the F9F-2 and F100A cockpits and programs. Problems to be considered are the optimum mathematic formula for numerical integration, standardization of programming procedures, trainer maintenance and logistic requirements and human engineering aspects of the equipment and utilization of the equipment. Additional uses involve the application of the system to the real time solution of simulation problems of submarines, surface and space vehicles for analysis and training. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 20 plus sign plus parity check bit Binary digits/instruction 19 plus parity check Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 28 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address Number range (1 - 2^-20) to - (1 - 2^-20) ARITHMETIC UNIT Exclud Stor Access Microsec Add time 5 Mult time 10 Div time 105 Construction Vacuum tubes and crystal diodes Arithmetic mode Sequential - parallel Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential The system utilizes sequential-parallel operation using serial synchronous circuits. Construction of the arithmetic unit is similar to the SEAC System. Employs W.E. type 404A tube. Some transistors are used. A 5 phase clock source is used. Clock rate is 1.2 microseconds. STORAGE USN TDC No. of No. of Access Media Words Binary Bits Microsec Instruction Memory 4,095 20 5 Magnetic Core Number Memory Mag- 4,094 22 5 netic Core The storage system consists of two separate units: 4,094 number words and 4,095 instruction words. Both units require an access time of 5 microseconds while the arithmetic unit is operating on the previous instruction. INPUT USN TDC Media Speed Punched Cards 500 words/min Analog Input: Gray code 10 microsec shaft converters Switches (console) Manual Discrete Input Switches 5 microsec Punched cards are used only at start of simulation to load the memories. 64 discrete input switches are available as inputs from the cockpit and instructor's console. Analaog and discrete switches are initiated by pilots controls and flight instructor inputs. OUTPUT USA TDC Media Speed Facility for binary printer Electric Typewriter 10 lines/min Analog Output 100 microsec Discrete Output 5 microsec Analog and discrete outputs provide voltages to actuate pilots instruments and indicators. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Tubes 1,800 Tube types 3 Crystal diodes 20,000 Magnetic cores 180,224 Transistors 500 Above figures are approximate. A tube type util- ized is the 404A. Separate cabinets 6 (not including A-D conversion equipment) CHECKING FEATURES Parity, marginal, overflow, unused order type Slow computation switch and one cycle operation for program check and calibration. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION USN TDC Power, computer 24 Kw 30 KVA 0.8 pf Power, air conditioner 40 KVA Volume, computer 1,350 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 350 cu ft pea, computer 160 sq ft Area, air conditioner 50 sq ft Room size, computer 30 ft x 40 ft Room size, air conditioner 12 ft x 22 ft Floor loading 135 lbs/sq ft 175 lbs concen max Capacity, air conditioner 40 Tons Weight, computer 22,000 lbs Weight, air conditioner 5,000 lbs Conditioned air distribution to computer area. 100 KVA electrical service. Data does not include cockpits and utility power.

BRL 1961, SYLVANIA UDOFTT, start page 0864

PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS USN TDC One 8-Hour Shift Used Recommended Supervisors 1 1 Programmers 2 2 Engineers 2 2 Technicians 2 Operation tends toward closed shop. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY USN TDC Average error-free running period 5 - 6 Hours Good time32 Hour s/Week (Average) Attempted to run time33 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 1 Apr 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Apr 60 Time is available for rent to qualified outside or- ganizations. Time may be made available to federal orvernment organizations for the solution of real-time simulation and training problems. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Manufacturer Ultra high speed is achieved through a novel logical structure. System includes an interval timer of great flexibility for real- time simulation. USN TDC The system solves in real time complete aerodynamic, engine and systems equations, in flight and on ground, for either the F9F or the F100A aircraft. A complete solution of the equation in less than 50 milliseconds permits a 20 cycle/second solution. FUTURE PLANS USN TDC Future models to be transistorized and possibly mobilized. Has possibility of simulating more than one cockpit simultaneously. INSTALLATIONS U. S. Naval Training Device Center Port Washington, New York

Go To Table of Contents