GoTo Table of Contents
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BRL 1961, PACKARD BELL 250, start page 0740
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PACKARD BELL 250
Packard Bell Computer Model 250
MANUFACTURER
Packard Bell Computer Corporation
Photo by Packard Bell Computer Corporation
APPLICATIONS
The PB 250 is a high speed digital computer designed to be used
for general purpose computing and as a system component for
on-line, real-time, data handling.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal mmiber system Binary
Binary digits/word 21 plus sign
Binary digits/instruction 22
Instructions per cord 1
Instructions decoded 63
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Floating point by subroutine
Instruction type One address (Modified)
Number range 6 decimal digits
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BRL 1961, PACKARD BELL 250, start page 0741
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Block Diagram by Packard Bell Computer Corporation
Instruction word format
+----------+------+----------+--------------+----+-----------+
| 22 15 | 14 | 13 8 | 7 3 | 2 | 1 |
+----------+------+----------+--------------+----+-----------+
| Sector | Sec | Op Code | Line Number | | Index |
| Number | Tag | | | | Tag |
+----------+------+----------+--------------+----+-----------+
An index register may be loaded to modify line number of
address. (The contents of the index register replaces line number
of all instructions where a tag is specified.)
A single instruction can shift the memory location of a
specified number of words by one address position thus
eliminating the need for address modification while maintaining
optimum programming.
Optimum programming is provided for by provision for
relative addressing for next instruction.
Automatic built-in subroutines include square root and gray-to-
binary conversion.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 108 Avg 12
Mult 372 Avg 276 (max)
Div 348 Avg 252 (max)
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential or non-sequential
The PB 250 operates at a clock frequency of 2 Mc giving a word
time of 12 microsec. The arithmetic unit is completely serial in
operation as is the magnetostrictive delay line memory. The
serial approach provides low component count with low cost and
high reliability. The 2 Mc clock provides microsecond speed
formerly associated only with very large expensive machines.
The magnetostrictive delay line memory can be expanded from
the basic 1808 words in 1 to 256 word increments to 15,888 words
by the simple addition of plug-in units.
STORAGE
No. of Access
Media Words No. of Bits Microsec
Magnetostrictive to 15,888 to 349,536 1,540 avg
Delay Line
Magnetic Core to 16,384 to 360,448
Magnetic Tape
No. of units that can be connected 6 Units
No. of chars/linear inch of tape 200 Chars/inch
Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches
Tape speed 5, 10 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 1 or 2 Kc/sec
Start time 3 Millisec
Stop time 1.5 Millisec
Physical properties of tape
Width 1/2 Inches
Length of reel 2500 Feet
INPUT
Media Speed
Flexowriter 10 6 or 8 bit char/sec
Paper Tape 300 6 or 8 bit char/sec
Magnetic Tape 2,000 7 bit char/sec
Serial 2 Mc bit, 83.3 KC word rate
30 control inputs used with the transfer on external signal
command are also available for control applications.
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BRL 1961, PACKARD BELL 250, start page 0742
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Command List by Packard Bell Computer Corporation
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Flexowriter 10 6 or 8 bit char/sec
High Speed Paper 110 6 or 8 bit char/sec
Tape Punch
Magnetic Tape 2,000 7 bit char/sec
High Speed Serial 2 Mc bit, 83.3 KC Word rate
The high speed (2 Mc) input and output is through a 2 Mc
external shift register which can be loaded or unloaded in serial or
parallel from equipment such as A to D, D to A converters, shaft
encoders, etc.
Input and output can also be made through an 8 bit character
buffer which is used for Flexowriter, Paper Tape, and Magnetic
Tape input and output. For example, an adaptor card which
connects our Model M3 A to D converter directly to the character
buffer is available. 32 control output lime are available for use with
the Pulse to Specified Unit camas
for control applications.
Both punched card and line printing equipment will be
available by mid 1961.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
There are 400 transistors, 2,500 diodes, and 4 magnetostrictive
delay lines in the system.
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BRL 1961, PACKARD BELL 250, start page 0743
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COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Monthly
Model Sale Lease
Number Item Price Price
PB 250 COMPUTER with Flexowriter and 2320-word memory
PB 250-T In Free-Standing Case . $40,500 $1,230
PB 250-R For Rack Mounting . . 39,500 1,200
PS 250-R With Shelf & Slides for
Rack Mounting Flexowriter 39,900 1,210
MSR-1 MEMORY MODULE (up to 256 words) . 1,200 40
MTU-1 MAGNETIC TAPE UNIT . 14,750 445
HSR-1 PAPER TAPE READER (300 characters/sec) 7,500 230
HSP-1 PAPER TAPE PUNCH (110 characters/sec) . 4,950 155
MX-1 MEMORY EXTENSION CHASSIS . 1,000 35
MT-1-250 MODULE TESTER (less oscilloscope) . 3,000 -
SK-1 SPARE PARTS KIT . 3,100 -
RR-1 RACK . 500 -
PBS-1 COMPUTER STAND . 250 -
PBD-1 DESK . 500 -
- SIX ADDITIONAL SIGNAL INPUT LINES (max. 3 sets) 300 10
FX-1R FLEXOWRITER (with shelf & slides for
rack mounting) 4,900 150
FX-1T FLEXOWRITER (for table mounting) 4,500 140
PS-8 BATTERY POWER SUPPLY when included instead
of a-c supply 1,500 45
HSB-1 BUFFER REGISTER . 4,750 -
PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE ING ARE F,O.B.
OUR PLANT. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
CHECKING FEATURES
All operations involving the memory are parity checked.
Checking is also done in the assembly program and in the
subroutine.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.1 Kw
Volume, computer 7 cu ft
Area, computer 2.8 sq ft
Weight, computer 110 lbs
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 3
Number in current operation 3
Number in current production 20
Number on order 30
Anticipated production rates 2 units per week
Time required for delivery 6 months
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Training made available by the manufacturer to the user
includes a two weeks programming course and a two weeks
maintenance course which are included in the price of the
machine.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
The PB 250 uses only solid-state circuitry and is completely
modularized. The circuits used were developed for the TRICE
DDA which operates at 3 Mc, and have been in operation for
over two years.
For applications where power failures and resultant loss of
memory cannot be tolerated a battery power supply is available
which will operate the computer for several hours without line
power.
The low component count less than 400 transistors and less
than 2,500 diodes insure maximum reliability. The computer
requires only 40 watts of power exclusive of input-output
devices. This power is dissipated over a large area providing
freedom from failure due to heating problems.
A built-in marginal circuit testing system combined with a
diagnostic service routine permits the dynamic testing of all
circuits in the computer and the identification of any drifting
component. The entire computer consists of 115 plug-in modules,
a plug-in magnetically regulated power supply, and a standard
paper tape reader, paper tape punch, and electric typewriter. The
computer proper requires only 30 watts of d-c power so that air
conditioning is not needed. A battery supply is available.
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BRL 1961, PACKARD BELL 250, start page 0744
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Photo by Packard Bell
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Outstanding features include a 2 Mc clock frequency source
providing microsecond speed at a price lower than previous
microsecond machines, and expandable magnetostrictive delay
line memory and a powerful command list including square root
and gray-to-binary and double precision commands.
Other advantages include three methods of inputoutput;
control lines, character buffer, and 2 Mc serial, plus
inexpensive standard buffer equipment, making the computer
adaptable to additional peripheral equipment.
The primary design objective of the PB 250 was to provide a
computer that would be used as a standard systems component
so that a large number of system requirements formerly
satisfied only by a special purpose one-of-a-kind system can be
met by the PB 250 plus the proper selection of off-the-shelf
input-output equipment. The high speed, powerful command
list, versatile input-output, and low price have met this
objective.
Performance - The PB 250 operates at speeds comparable
to those of large scale computers. The maximum operation rate
is over 40,000 instructions per second. Typical times for a 22-
bit word are:
addition and subtraction 12 microseconds
multiplication 276 microseconds
division 252 microseconds
square root 252 microseconds
The last three commands are variable in length. For example,
the product of a 10-bit multiplier and a 22-bit multiplicand
requires 132 microseconds. A repertoire of fifty-one commands
permits the Rill. speed of the PB 250 to be realized. Among these
are double precision commands which automatically operate upon
4+-bit words. Floating point routines operating on a 7-bit
characteristic and a 37-bit (11 decimal digit) mantissa require less
than 3 milliseconds.
Three complete input/output systems are integral to the
computer. The first operates on characters of up to 8 bits at a
maximum rate of 2,000 characters per second on input and
20,000 characters per second on output. Buffering permits the
computer to operate simultaneously with input/output operations.
The second system operates upon serial information at rates up
to 85,000 words per second. The format of this information is
automatically controlled by an internally stored mask. The third
system consists of 30 input lines which can be sampled under
program control and 32 output lines upon which signals can be
placed under program control. These lines permit the computer
to sense and control the state of external devices.
Ease of programming - The PB 250 is a single address
computer with an index register. Program optimization in the
PB 250 is provided by a unique minimum access scheme. If speed
is not a consideration, the computer is treated as a straight-
forward single address system. If, on the other hand, mini-
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BRL 1961, PACKARD BELL 250, start page 0745
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Photo by Packard Bell
mum access is a consideration, a sequence tag bit in the command
word causes the computer to read the next command immediately
following the execution of the indicated operation. The use of this
sequence tag permits computation rates of up to 41,666 commands
per second.
A special index register permits automatic address modification
while optimum programming is maintained by selecting the
optimum address in each memory line. Further, a single
instruction permits shifting every word in a given line by one
address position. Thus, optimum programming may be retained
and the need for address modification eliminated.
Flexibility - The flexibility of the PB 250 makes it adaptable to a
wide range of application. The memory is expandable from 2,320
words to 15,888 words. Further, the length of the additional
memory lines is optional and so may be designed to fit any specific
requirement. Magnetic core memory is also available as an option.
The PB 250 has the widest range of auxiliary equipment of any
general purpose digital computer, including punched card
equipment and up to six magnetic tape units.
CINCH, the Floating Point Interpreter for the PB 250 general
purpose digital computer, is designed to
permit rapid programming of scientific and engineering problems and
to allow persons generating problems to do the actual
programming of the problems themselves. CINCH's structure
permits those who have used the commonly accepted interpretive
programs to learn CINCH coding quickly. This is made possible by
the fact that CINCH was designed after consideration of other
interpreters, combining the best of their features and adding new
features that experience has shown to be desirable.
CINCH is a floating point interpretive system, which means
"scaling" is no longer a problem. There is no need to keep.track
of number magnitude. In addition, CINCH offers 7 index registers for
looping and program control. Debugging systems are offered,
including a selective program trace and memory print. Input and
output are convenient to use. Commands are written in an easy to
remember notation. CINCH obeys the human law of self
preservation in that it will not execute an instruction which would
cause it to damage itself.
The CINCH interpretive memory can contain up to 4,095 words.
One word is required to represent a command; two words are
required to represent a floating point number.
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BRL 1961, PENN STAC, start page 0746
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PENN STAC
Pennsylvania State (University) Automatic Computer
MANUFACTURER
Pennsylvania State University
Electrical Engineering Department
Photo by Pennsylvania State University
APPLICATIONS
System is used primarily for the education of digital
computer engineers and the performance of research in
digital computer design.
PENNSTAC has been designed to (1) carry out scientific
computation and (2) be used in a classroom for teaching
computer design and programming. For the second purpose
mentioned, the following features have been included in the
computer: (1) a visual display of the coded contents of the four
registers; (2) a control panel reduced to the essentials for
operation and enabling reduced-speed operation; (3) visible and
accessible components, easily modified, and (4) an output
system enabling instruction concerning communication between
the computer and an asynchronous device.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary coded decimal
Decimal digits/word 11
Decimal digits/instruction 11
Instructions/word 1
Instructions decoded 23
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One-plus-one
Number range
-1010 to +1010
Instruction word format
+----------------+------+------------------+-------------------+
| Operation Code | Tag | Next Instruction | Operand Address |
+----------------+------+------------------+-------------------+
| X X | X | X X X X | X X X X |
+----------------+------+------------------+-------------------+
For example:
+----------------+------+------------------+-------------------+
| 22 | 0 | 1345 | 2469 |
+----------------+------+------------------+-------------------+
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BRL 1961, PENN STAC, start page 0747
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Photo by Pennsylvania State University
This instruction states: Add (22) the number at
(2469) to the number in the A-register, leave the
result in the A-register, and take the next instruc.
tion from drum location 1345. The tag digit is not
used.
Registers
A-register - accumulator
B-register - receives information from drum
C-register -accumulator for holding information
to be stored on the drum
D-register - holds instruction
The internal number system is the 2*421 binary coded
decimal system. There are four bits per decimal
digit.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access
Operation Microsec Microsec
Average Average Maximum
Add 3,445 94 4,700
Mult 5,335 2,985 5,969
Div 7,426 5,076 10,152
Construction (Arithmetic unit only) 117 vacuum tubes
Arithmetic mode Parallel in binary
Serial in decimal
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
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BRL 1961, PENN STAC, start page 0748
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STORAGE
No of No. of Access
Medium Words Digits Microsec
IBM 650 Drum 2500 27,500 2350 (Average)
INPUT
Medium Speed
Paper Tape 440 char/sec
Ferranti photoelectric reader. The punched paper tape is
standard 7/8 inch tape. Six channels are used. The tape is
prepared by a F299MA Burroughs
Sensimatic.
OUTPUT
Medium Speed
Paper Tape (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec
Paper Tape (Teletype) 60 char/sec
Teletype model BRPE2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes
2C51 264
5887 200
12BH7 796
6L6 42
6W6 40
Total 1,342
Diodes
H02077 5,768
Transistors
2N94A 6
CHECKING FEATURES
Checking features include sensing for wrong combination in
the four registers, exceed capacity, unusually lengthy
instruction time, divide by zero, read-in false start, and
synchronism alarms.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 7.2 Kw 9 KVA 0.8 pf
Power, air conditioner 7.2 Kw 10.2 KVA 0.7 Pf
Volume, computer 320 cu ft
Volume, air conditioner 72 cu ft
Area, computer 80 sq ft
Area, air conditioner 13 so ft
Room size 65 ft x 23 ft
Floor loading
3.3 lbs/sq ft
110 lbs, concen max
Capacity, air conditioner 12.5 Tons
Weight, computer 3,500 lbs
Weight, air conditioner 1,500 lbs
Overhead conduits for power, signal wires, and air
conditioning.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 1
Number in operation 1
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 1/2
Programmers 1
Clerks 1
Operators 1
Engineers 1 1/2
Technicians 2
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
General Information
The new system presents two major modifications. First is
the Internal Output control by means of which the output is
controlled almost entirely by the program. The format switch
and the format tape will be eliminated. Second will be the
addition of a second output device, a sixty-digit-per-second
Teletype Punch. The output information from the Teletype
Punch will be in the form of punched paper tape. The
programmer can select as the output device either the
Teletype Punch or the ten-digitper-second Flexowriter.
2*421 coded decimal number system used on PENNSTAC
Decimal Equivalent2421 Code
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 1 0 1 1
6 1 1 0 0
7 1 1 0 1
8 1 1 1 0
9 1 1 1 1
Wrong Combination
" " 1 0 0 0
" " 1 0 0 1
" " 1 0 1 0
" " 0 1 0 1
" " 0 1 1 0
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Approximate cost of basic system $100,000.
RELIABILITY OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
System has been in operation since 1955.
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BRL 1961, PENN STAC, start page 0749
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FUTURE PLANS
Plans call for the addition of an IBM 727 Magnetic
Tape Unit, and revision of the input system to
accommodate variable-length-of-field read in.
INSTALLATIONS
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
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BRL 1961, PERK I II, start page 0750
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PERK I II
Performance Computer Models I II
MANUFACTURER
Automation Management Incorporated
APPLICATIONS
Systems are designed and used for the reporting of percentage of standard
performance of production operation; compares actual production rate
against standard production rate and records on continuous chart whether
efficiency is zero (downtime), below, at, or above normal.
System could also be adapted to compare other ratios, e.g. plane
ground speed against air speed or planned speed, same in fuel
consumption, steps in checking out launching of missile, et al.
Perk I samples latest rate, while Perk II gives cumulative (integrated)
results.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Decimal
Arithmetic system Floating point Perk II
Fixed point Perk I
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Arithmetic unit consistsof vacuum tubes, diodes,
stepping relay, relays, and potentiometers.
Timing Synchronous
Operation Concurrent
STORAGE
Media No. of Digits
Perk I stepping relay 100
Perk II potentiometers 500,000
INPUT
Input may be any sensor, e.g. a limit switch, photo
cell, transducer, or flow meter. Input speed is at
900 to 10,000 counts/hour. System can count considerably faster on special
models.
OUTPUT
Output is on a 2.5 inch pressure-sensitive chart paper in a galvonometer
recorder. Paper speed is at 3 inches/hour. Output can be read and/or displayed
by any voltage translating device. Other paper feed speeds available on
request.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes 5
Diodes 1
Relays, and other standard electronic components are used.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Volume, computer1 cu ft
Area, computer1 sq ft
Weight, computer20 lbs
A wall outlet is required.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 1
Anticipated production rates 10 - 1960
100 - 1961
Time required for delivery 1 month
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Perk costs $1,000. Sensors and wiring cost $5 to $500. Perk rents
at $50/month. Sensors and wiring rent at $.50 to $50/month.
User ships Perk unit, sir-express collect, to plant. Repair and service is at
$8/hour. Automation Management Incorporated will ship air express prepaid,
back to user.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Only application engineer is needed at installation and is performed by
A.M.I. personnel at $15/hour.
Automatic operation. Chart paper is replaced after 250 running hours.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
System features and construction techniques utilized by manufacturer to insure
required reliability include time-tested, simple, components used to well under
their capacity.
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BRL 1961, PERK I II, start page 0751
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ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
System provides for management by exception, instead
of demanding computing by foremen, time and. motion
study engineers, production planners, and other
executives. System allows the loss or profit of an
operation to be viewed continuously and losses cor-
rected immediately and successful methods of opera-
tion strengthened and repeated.
FUTURE PLANS
plans for new components and anticipated modifica-
tions include wider input speed ranges, another model
with single input speed and, hence, lower price, and
self-correcting systems, i.e. the output will control
those factors influencing the input so the process
will seek the optimal level of performance. Uses
in laboratory and military services are planned.
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BRL 1961, PHILCO 1000, start page 0752
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PHILCO 1000
Philco Transistor Automatic Computer 1000
MANUFACTURER
Philco Corporation
Photo by the Philco Corporation
APPLICATIONS
Manufacturer
Primarily scientific applications, same commercial
or industrial applications.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 36
Instructions/word 1
Instruction type Two address
Code will include two 72-binary digit addresses,
two 3-binary digit address modifiers, and a 6-binary
digit command.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Exclud Stor Access
Microsec
Add 5.5
Mult 130 avg.
Div 200
Construction Transistors
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Maximum multiply time excluding storage access is
200 microseconds. Ones complement binary arithmetic
is used
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BRL 1961, PHILCO 1000, start page 0753
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STORAGE
Medium Words Digits
Magnetic Core 4,096 147,456
Cycle time is 12 microseconds.
INPUT
Media Speed
Perforated Tape Reader 60 char/sec
Teletype Model 28 Keyboard Manual
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Perforated Tape Punch 60 char/sec
Teletype Model 28 Page Printer
Either 5 or 7 level tapes may be used. Punched card equipment,
magnetic tape and magnetic dram may be added, if desired.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
All transistor circuits are used in arithmetic and storage units.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
System requires approximately 1.2 Kw. The total volume
occupied by the arithmetic section, storage
section, power supplies, control panel and ventila. ting
equipment is about 36 cubic feet.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
A cathode ray storage address reference indicator is included
in the system.
INSTALLATIONS
Philco Corporation
3900 Welsh Road
Willow Grove, Pennsylvania
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BRL 1961, PHILCO 2000, start page 0754
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PHILCO 2000
Philco Transistorized Automatic Computer
(TRANSAC S-2000)
MANUFACTURER
Philco Corporation
Photo by Philco Corporation
APPLICATIONS
Manufacturer The Philco 2000 Electronic Data
Processing System is an all purpose computing system. The design
of the system has been planned so that sizes and equipment may
be varied to suit the specific installation. This means that the
system may be used equally well with data processing and
scientific applications. The Philco 2000 Electronic Data
Processing System uses asynchronous logic which reduces
computer operating time and allows new components to be added
without redesigning the equipment.
U. S. Army Signal Missile Support Agency
White Sands Missile Range Presently located at
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, equipment is used for the solution of
differential equations, statistical analysis of scientific data,
computation of scientific tables, and additional scientific and
engineering uses in connection with Signal Corps research and
development activities in support of the Army missile program.
General Electric Company
Located at the General Electric
Company Knolls Site, Niskayuna, Hew York, the system is used
for reactor core design, thermal and mechanical problems
(associated), shielding studies, power plant systems analysis,
maneuvers, accidents, etc, nuclear physics, and data reduction and
processing from prototype operations.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory Located at Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, the system is used for nuclear design
calculations, thermal and hydraulic calculations,
analysis and experimental data reduction, reactor and
plant kinetics, and miscellaneous engineering
calculations. System Development Corporation System
is used for systems simulation research.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary, binary coded decimal
and alphanumeric
Binary digits/word 48
Binary digits/instruction 24
Instructions/word 2
Instructions decoded 225, including 59 floating
point instructions
Arithmetic system Floating and fixed
Instruction type One address
Addressing can be modified by index registers.
Number range Up to 10+-616 w/floating point option
Instruction word format
+------------+------------+
| 0 15 | 16 22 |
+------------+------------+
| Address | Command |
+------------+------------+
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BRL 1961, PHILCO 2000, start page 0755
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Photo by the Philco Corporation
System uses an automatic assembling and compiling system
called TAC which permits the programmer to write programs
in a simple mnemonic code. TAC also has an ever expanding
library of routines. It also has available ALTAC, an algebraic
translator.
There is one 48 bit register, three 24 bit registers, and up to
32 optional index registers.
The program section has asynchronous logic which means
that each operation within each instruction starts as soon as the
preceding operation is campleted.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 3.7 or 11.7 1.7
Mult 42.3 or 50.3 40.3
Div 45 or 53.0 43
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors Approximately 20,500
Condenser-diodes 130
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Asynchronous
Operation Concurrent
Sequential instructions, concurrent input-output.
The arithmetic section employs a carry complete signal
which terminates each arithmetic operation as soon as it is
completed. This increases the speed of all arithmetic operations.
STORAGE
Manufacturer
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Core 4,096 to 196,608 to 10 or 2
32,768 1,572,864
Magnetic Drum 32,768 to 1,572,864 to
1,048,576 50,331,648
Drum access is 25,000 microseconds for the first
word and 16 microseconds for each additional word.
Magnetic Tape
No. of units that can be connected 256 Units
No. of char/linear inch of tape 750 Alphanum char/in
Channels or tracks on the tape 16 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 0.9 Inches
Tape speed 120 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 90,000 Alphanum char/sec
Start time 2.5 Millisec
Stop time 2.5 Millisec
Average time for experienced
operator to change reel of tape 30 Seconds
Physical properties of tape
Width 1 Inch
Length of reel 3,600 Feet
Composition Mylar base tape
With the multiple processing techniques used with the Philco
2000 System it is possible to have as many as 64 tape units
processing data simultaneously. Transfer rate can be increased to
360,000 alphanumeric characters per second if full advantage is
taken of the multiple processing techniques.
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BRL 1961, PHILCO 2000, start page 0756
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U. S. A. Missile Support Agency
No. of No. of Access
Medium Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Core 8,192 48 bits/word 10 (max)
Nine magnetic tape units are used "on line" as
intermediate storage.Capacity of one 3,600 foot
reel is in excess of 2 million characters.
General Electric Company
Magnetic Core 32,76848 bits/word 10
2 microsecond memory on order for January 1961.
WEC, Bettis AP Lab.
Magnetic Core 32,76848 (binary) 10
Magnetic Tape Approx. 48 binary, Serial
40 million
Core store will be changed to 2 microsecond unit in
December 1960; size will remain 32,768 words.
INPUT
Manufacturer
Media Speed
Punched Cards 2,000 cards/min
80 columns read in any code.
Punched Tape 1,000 char/sec
Punched in 5, 6, 7, or 8 channel tape
Magnetic Tape 90,000 char/sec
UBC 90,000 char/sec
Characters are alphanumeric characters. Both cards and paper
tape may be either on-line or transferred to magnetic tape to
make use of 90,000 character transfer rate.
U. S. A. Missile Support Agency
Paper Tape Reader1,000 char/sec
Magnetic Tape (AMPEX 90,000 char/sec
FR 300)
General Electric Company
Magnetic Tape 90 kilocycles/sec
16 tapes are on the system any 4 of which may be
multiplexed.
Off-Line Card Reader2,000 cards/min
WEC, Bettis AP Lab.
Magnetic Tape 6,400 words/sec
Figures are average for each of four channels.
Cards (80-column) 2,000 cards/min
OUTPUT
Manufacturer
Media Speed
Punched Card 250 card/min
Punched Tape 60 char/sec
Magnetic Tape 90,000 char/sec
High Speed Printer 15 lines/sec
Characters are alphanumeric characters.
The input and output devices used with the Philco
2000 System are connected to a specialized buffering
device which permits transfer of data between input
and output devices when used off-line and between
the computer and any input or output device when used
on-line. The bufferi device, called the Universal
Buffer Controller (UBC) controls the transfers so
that the transfers are made at the maximum speed,
90,E cps.
U. S. A. Missile Support Agency
Paper Tape Punch 60 char/sec
High Speed Printer 900 lines/min.
General Electric Company
High Speed Printer 900 lines/min
The Anelex printer is used off line.
WEC, Bettis AP Lab.
Media Speed
Magnetic Tape 6,400 words/sec
Speed is average on each of four channels.
Cards (80 column) 100 cards/min
Line Printer 900 lines/min
A 64 character alphabet is used.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Manufacturer
Type Quantity Use
Tubes 120 Printer Hammer Drivers
32 Paper Tape Power Supply
33 Mag Tape Power Supply
265 Other
Total 450
Diodes 1,200
Transistors 56,000
Ferrite Cores 196,608 to 1,572,864
Above figures are with ten magnetic tape units.
CHECKING FEATURES
Manufacturer All input and output devices have
comprehensive checking facilities.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Manufacturer
KVA, computer 50
Area, computer 1,600 sq ft
Room size, computer 4o ft x 5o ft
Floor loading 52 lbs/sq ft
264 lbs concen max
Weight, computer 2,100 lbs
Air conditioner is obtained by user. Capacity of 12 Tons i.e.
136,000 BTU/hr.
U. S. A. Signal Missile Support Agency
KVA, computer 25.9
Power, sir conditioner 4.5 Kw
Volume, computer 6,500 cu ft
Area, computer 1,300 sq ft
Room size 1,600 sq ft
Volume, sir conditioner50.75 cu ft
Area, sq ft 7.25 sq ft
Capacity, air conditioner 6 Tons
Weight, computer 16,250 lbs
Weight, air conditioner 876 lbs
Floor loading 32.5 lbs/sq ft
51.6 lbs/sq ft concen max
No castor loads
Above figures are for the SMSA configuration. Computer sir
conditioner is used as standby for roam air conditioner. No false
floor, false ceilings, or air plenums are required. Humidity
controls are required.
General Electric Company
KVA, computer 45.1
Area, computer 1,554 sq ft
Floor loading 60 lbs/sq ft
115 lbs concen max
Capacity, air conditioner80 Tons
Weight, computer 21,472 lbs
Only small site preparation and. modification were required,
since area was previously occupied by an IBM 704. About 13
tons of air conditioning are needed for the system.
|
BRL 1961, PHILCO 2000, start page 0757
|
PRODUCTION RECORD
Time required for delivery 12 months
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Signal Missile Support Agency
GSA Model Monthly
No. No. Description Rental
Arithmetic and Logical Units
1 210 Arith & Ctl Unit, Console & $7,100
Typewriter
2 1000 Floating Point Option 650
3 1071 Index Registers (Block of 8) 900
Ten-Microsecond Magnetic Core Storage Units
8 2208 Magnetic Core Stor. Unit (8192) $5,800
Input-Output Units
11 234 Magnetic Tape Unit $7,650
12 235 Input-Output Processor (16x1) 3,300
16 240 Punched Paper Tape System 1,800
18 257 Printer System 6,500
Total $33,700
General Electric Company
Basic system with 16 magnetic tape stations, a 32,768
word magnetic core memory, and 16 x 4 tape multiplexing
(input-output processor) rents at $67,000/month.
IBM 026's, 407, 519, sorter and interpreter rents at
$2,000/month.
Service included in rental. WEC,
Bettis AP Lab.
Computer with 32,768 core memory and 16 x 2 tape
stations rent at $53,000/month.
Off-line printer, reader, punch, and 2 tapes rent at
$9,000/month.
Service included in rentals.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturer One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour
Shift Shifts Shifts
Supervisors 1 2 3
Analysts 1 2 3
Programmers 2 4 6
Coders 2 4 6
Clerks 0 0 0
Librarians 1 2 3
Operators 2 4 6
Engineers 2 4 6
Technicians 1 2 3
In-Output Oper 1 2 3
Tape Handlers 0 0 0
Extensive training in programming and operating techniques
made available by the manufacturer. In addition, seminars are
held periodically at the new computer plant in Willow Grove,
Pennsylvania.
Signal Missile Support Agency
One 8-Hour Shift
Used Recommended
Supervisors 3 3
Analysts 0 0
Programmers 12 12
Coders 0 8
Clerks 1 1
Librarians 0 1
Operators 3 4
Engineers 3 3
Technicians 0 0
Input-Output Oper 0 2
Tape Handlers 0 0
Three engineers are provided by contractor as part of lease
agreement.
Operation tends toward closed shop.
Methods of training used includes on-the-job and
manufacturer sponsored training.
General Electric Company
One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour
Shift Shifts Shifts
U R U R U R
Supervisors 3 3 3 3 3 3
Programmers 20 30 20 30 20 30
Operators 3 3 5 5 7 7
Technicians 4 4 4 4 4 4
In-Output Oper 1 1 2 1 3 2
Tape Handlers 1 1 2 2 3 3
Operation tends toward closed shop.
Methods of training includes on-the-job and occasional
internal courses.
WEC, Bettis AP Lab.
Two 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 3
Analysts 3
Programers 40
Clerks 8
Librarians 1
Operators 4
Technicians 1
In-Output Oper 2
Operation tends toward closed shop.
Methods of training used includes informal seminars and
individual study.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Manufacturer
The asynchronous feature of the Philco 2000 System means
fewer components and consequently higher reliability.
The modular construction of the system facilitates
maintenance.
Comprehensive diagnostic routines are provided to quickly
locate any possible malfunction.
The all-transistor construction insures greater reliability.
Periodic preventive maintenance performed by trained Philco
customer engineers on all electromechanical devices insures
maximum reliability of these units.
Signal Missile Support Agency Time is available for rent
to qualified outside organizations.
During past 6 months 165 hours of computer time have been
used on Philco 2000 as part of the customer service provided. No
actual operation figures are available since the computer has not
been installed at White Sands.
General Electric Company
Passed Customer Acceptance Test 8 Jun 60
There is not sufficient experience to quote figures. The machine
does exhibit exceptional reliability.
WEC, Bettis AP Lab.
Good time 70 Hours Week (Average)
Attempted to run time80 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.88
Above figures based on period 4 Apr 60 to 30 Aug 60
Passed Customer Acceptance Test3 Apr 60
Time is not available for rent to outside organiza-
tions.
|
BRL 1961, PHILCO 2000, start page 0758
|
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Signal Missile Support Agency
Outstanding features
include solid state computer, asynchronous mode of operation,
and high tape transfer rate. Unique system advantages include a
real time capability.
General Electric Company
Outstanding features include asynchronous operation, fast
tapes, and complete transistorization. Complete set of
instructions for testing tape errors, or tape unavailability, which
allow program action.
Unique system advantages include 16 x 4 input-output
processor, which allows 4 tape multiplexing, and repeat mode,
which allows repetition of any instruction pair without the
necessity of an accessing pair each time. This feature is
exceptionally good for sorting.
Optional equipment used includes a programmable calendar
clock, paper tape input and output, and a real time channel.
WEC, Bettis AP Lab Outstanding features include
flexible tape addressing, a long data word, and very compact
programs. Unique system advantages includes flexible tape
addressing.
FUTURE PLANS
Signal Missile Support Agency
Eventual modification of
the system to include cards is anticipated. The real time
capability is to be exploited.
General Electric Company
A printer modification
which would allow plotting has been proposed by the user.
WEC, Bettis AP Lab. A two microsecond (four-
section) 32,768 word core store will be installed.
INSTALLATIONS
U. S. Army Signal Missile Support Agency
White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico
General Electric Company
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1072
Schenectady, New York
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory
P. O. Box 1468
Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania
System Development Corporation
Systems Simulation Research Laboratory
Santa Monica, California
U. S. Naval Supply Center
Oakland 14, California
AVCO
Research and Advanced Development Division
201 Lowell Street
Wilmington, Massachusetts
United Aircraft Corporation
Research Laboratories
400 Main Street
East Hartford 8, Connecticut
|
BRL 1961, PHILCO 2000, start page 0759
|
|
BRL 1961, PHILCO 3000, start page 0760
|
PHILCO 3000
Philco Model 3000 Computing System
MANUFACTURER
Philco Corporation
APPLICATIONS
The Philco 3000 is a solid-state general purpose digital computer
for programmed control and computation applications. A single
cabinet houses computer, memory, console and power supply.
The computer will accept and transmit control impulses from and
to external devices. Elements which might effect a potentially
explosive atmosphere are hermetically sealed. The computer may
be controlled from the console, a remote console, or a
Flexowriter inputoutput unit.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 20 + sign + parity
Binary digits/instruction 20
Instructions per word 1
Instructions decoded 16 basic, expandable to
over 60
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One address or 1 + 1 at
option
Number range +- 1 x 106
Instruction word format
+------------+---------------+-------------+-----+
| 21 15 | 14 8 | 7 1 | 0 |
+------------+---------------+-------------+-----+
| Track | Sector | Command | Sign|
+------------+---------------+-------------+-----+
When bit number 1 is set equal to 0, a single address instruction
is interpreted. When bit 1 is set equal to 1, a 1 + 1 address
instruction is interpreted.
Automatic built-in subroutines includes a square root
commend.
Registers and B-boxes include 1 instruction register, 3
arithmetic shift registers, 2 four-word rapid access storage
locations, 1 six-bit I/0 register, and 1 14-bit program address
counter.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 924 132
Mult 4,224 2,772
Div 4,224 2,772
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors 1,300
Condenser-diodes 4,000
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Binary Digits Microsec
Magnetic Drum 8,064-16,256 177,408 to 8,448
357,632
Magnetic Drum 4 88 264
The drum has 64 tracks for recording information 63 tracks
for general storage; 1 rapid-access revolver loop. The general
storage tracks contain 128 words of data, the revolver loop 4
words.
INPUT
Media Speed
Punched Paper Tape (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec
Console Keyboard
External Shift Register 162 kilocycles/sec
Available with serial input to the accumulator at the basic
clock freq. using control signals from external input source.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape and Page (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec
Cathode Ray Tube Two register display
External Shift Register 162 kilocycles/sec
Provides serial output of the accumulator at the basic clock
freq. with control signals to external device.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
CRT 1
Diodes 4,200
Transistors 1,500
CHECKING FEATURES
Parity check is made on all word transfers to and from the
drum. An optional safety device is a control switch which
removes write capability for 1/2 drum capacity to protect
program storage.
|
BRL 1961, PHILCO 3000, start page 0761
|
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.7 Kw 0.9 pf
Volume, computer 19 cu ft
Area, computer 4.5 sq ft
Floor loading 112 lbs/sq ft
150 lbs concen max
Weight, computer 500 lbs
Above figures do not include Flexowriter, Input or Output
Equipment, and console table. No air conditioning is required for
operation at ambient temperatures below 104oF.
Power is 115 +5 volts, single phase at 60 cps.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 2
Number in current operation 1
Number in current production 10
Number on order 10
Anticipated production rates 6 per year
Time required for delivery 10 months
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Device is a process control computer therefore programming is
semi-permanent and requires only one (1) operator per shift for
monitoring.
|
BRL 1961, PHILCO CXPQ, start page 0762
|
PHILCO CXPQ
Philco Transistorized Automatic Computer CXPQ
MANUFACTURER
Philco Corporation
Photo by U. S. Navy David Taylor Model Basin
APPLICATIONS
David Taylor Model Basin Located at the David Taylor
Model Basin, the system is used for the solution of naval
engineering problems.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
David Taylor Model Basin
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 48
Binary digits/instruction 24
Instructions/word 2
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type one address
Number range -(1 - 2-47) =< x (1 - 2-47)
Registers and B-boxes
7 Index Registers
1 Toggle-switch Intervention Register
1 D-Register (Buffer)
ARITHMETIC UNIT
David Taylor Model Basin
Incl Stor Access
Microsec
Add 45
Operation time assumes an operand is in the accum-
ulator to start the time to fetch an instruction, an
operand, execute, and place results in storage.
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Asynchronous
Operation Sequential
|
BRL 1961, PHILCO CXPQ, start page 0762
|
STORAGE
David Taylor Model Basin
No. of No. of Bin Access
Media Words Dig/Word Microsec
Core 4,096 48 12
Drum 16,384 48 16
Magnetic Tape 5,000 blocks at 128 words/block
No. of units that are connected 3 Units
No. of char/linear inch of tape 210 Char/inch
Channels or tracks on the tape 13 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record Approx 2 Inches
Tape speed 75 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 15,000 Char/sec
Start time 3 - 5 Millisec
Stop time 3 - 5 Millisec
Average time for experienced
operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds
Physical properties of tape
Width 1.0 Inches
A single reel contains 4,000 blocks, 128 words/ block, 8
char/word.
INPUT
David Taylor Model Basin
Media Speed
Paper Tape 200 char/sec 8 char/word
Keyboard (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec 8 char/word
Card (IBM)200 card/min 10 words/card
OUTPUT
David Taylor Model Basin
Media Speed
Paper Tape 120 char/sec8 char/word
Typewriter (Flexowriter) 10 char/sec 8 char/word
Card (IBM) l00 card/min to words/card
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
David Taylor Model Basin
Type Quantity
Tubes 48
Diodes 115
Transistors 5,500
Tubes are used only in the magnetic tape and paper tape units,
about 12 tubes each.
CHECKING FEATURES
David Taylor Model Basin Magnetic tape error
detection and correction. Improper command.
Overheat alarm. Non-existent peripheral equipment
detection.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
David Taylor Model Basin
Power, computer 10 KVA
Area, computer 540 sq ft
Room size, computer 18 ft x 30 ft
Floor loading 75 lbs/sq ft
Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons
Weight, computer 10,200 lbs
Building air conditioning of 20 tons is sufficient. System only
has built in fans. The ambient temperature is .
PRODUCTION RECORD
David Taylor Model Basin
Number produced to date 1
Number in current operation 1
One experimental model built.
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
David Taylor Model Basin The central computer,
drum unit, 3 magnetic tape units, and paper tape units cost
$1,600,000.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
David Taylor Model Basin The computer is being used
on an experimental basis at this time.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
David Taylor Model Basin The 100 different commends
make the system powerful. Low memory cycle time for this
type system. Easy to operate. Excellent for solution of problems
involving a large amount of computation time.
INSTALLATIONS
U. S. Navy David Taylor Model Basin
Washington T, D. C.
|
BRL 1961, PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR, start page 0764
|
PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR
Programmed Data Processor
MANUFACTURER
Digital Equipment Corporation
Photo by Digital Equipment Corporation
APPLICATIONS
System is designed for general purpose computing, on-line and
real-time uses, on-line auxiliary to larger computers, and special
applications requiring variety of input-output equipment and/or
high operating speed.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 18
Binary digits/instruction 18
Instructions/word 1
Instructions decoded 25 basic, 53 incl. augmented
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One address
Number range -(217-1) <= N <= (217-1)
Instruction word format
+-------------------+-----+-----------------------------------------------+
| Instruction |Indi-| Memory Address, Y |
| |rect | |
+---+---+---+---+---+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17|
+---+---+---+---+---+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
An advanced computer and other utility programs are
being developed.
Registers and B-boxes include a memory buffer, an
accumulator, an In-Out Register (and accum extension), a program
counter and a memory address register.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 5 0.75
Mult 300 avg 300
Div 600 avg 600
|
BRL 1961, PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR, start page 0765
|
Photo by Digital Equipment Corporation
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
Multiply and Divide by subroutine augmented by
Multiply Step and Divide Step instructions.
Normal input-output is primarily sequential. An optional in-
out system allows concurrent operation
of several in-out devices.
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Digits/word Microsec
Core 1024 or 4096 18 5 (cycle)
Additional. memory banks may be added.
Magnetic Tape
No. of units that can be connected 64 Units
No. of chars/linear inch of tape 200 Chars/inch
Channels or tracks on tape 7 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 3/4 Inches
Tape speed 75 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 15,000 Chars/sec
Start time 3 Millisec
Stop time 3 Millisec
Physical properties of tape
Width 1/2 Inches
INPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape Reader 300 char/sec
Typewriter 10 char/sec
Many optical input devices are available.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape Punch 20 char/sec
Typewriter 10 char/sec
CRT Display 20,000 points/sec
Many optical output devices.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Diodes 3,000
Transistors 2,700
Magnetic Cores 73,728
CHECKING FEATURES
Overflow checks are included. The memory parity check
system is optional.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.8 Kw
Volume, computer 70 cu ft
Volumes console table 84 cu ft
Areas computer 12 sq ft
Area, console table 21 sq ft
Room size 12 x 12 Pt
Weight, computer 1600 lbs
Site preparation not required.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 1
Number in current operation 1
Number in current production 1
Number on order 1
Time required for delivery 4 months
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Computers with 4096 word memory, typewriter, punch
and photoelectric tape reader $110000
Service contracts available.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
PDP-1 is built of DEC's standard line of reliable digital
building blocks.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
The machine has an unusually high (>1) operations per second
to initial cost ration. It is, thus, well suited to many real time
control problems and is an excellent machine for interpetive
programming.
Greater than 100,000 operations per second, flexible input-
output, and powerful order code for a machine of this size.
FUTURE PLANS
A 36 bit version of this machine is being designed. The new
Model (PDP-3) will multiply in 20 microseconds including
memory access.
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