BRL Report 1961

BRL 1961, IBM 7070, start page 0538

IBM 7070

IBM 7070 Data Processing System MANUFACTURER International Business Machines Corporation 590 Madison Avenue Hew York 22, New York Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS Manufacturer System is used in the many areas of management deci- sion criteria such as engineering design and develop- ment, research, accounting controls and reports, pro- duction, inventory controls and reports, and mathe- matical models. U. S. Army Oversea Supply Agency Located at the Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn 50, New York, the computer will be used to validate, edit, maintain supply status and render reports for requi- sitions received from Oversea Commands serviced by this Agency. U.S.A.F. 1608th Air Transport Wing (MATS) Located at the Statistical Services Division, Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, the sys- tem is used for the solution of problems in materiel, maintenance, personnel, accounting and finance, air operations, vehicle management, and civil engineering. Union Carbide Chemicals Company Located at the Union Carbide Chemical Company, Tech. Center, South Charleston, West Virginia, the system is used for engineering design calculations connected with building new plants and chemical processes, re- duction and analysis of experimental data pertaining to research and development of new processes, and (future) business and data processing applications, including cost accounting, inventory control and payroll. Brown University Located at the Division of Applied Mathematics, 180 George Street, Providence 6, R. I, the system is used for education in numerical analysis, data pro- cessing, and computer applications and for the con- duct of research in computer applications in the physical, biological and social sciences, mathematics and linguistics.

BRL 1961, IBM 7070, start page 0539

PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Manufacturer Internal number system Decimal 2 out of 5 fixed count code Decimal digits/word 10 plus sign Decimal digits/instruction 10 plus sign Instructions per word 1 Instructions decoded 241 Arithmetic system Fixed point Floating point (optional) Instruction type One address Ability of addressing any part of a word Number rangeFixed -10¹⁰ < x < +10¹⁰ Floating +-10^-50< x < +-10⁴⁹ Instruction word format +--------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------------+ | Sign | Two Digit | Two Digit | Field | Address of Data | | | Operation | Indexing | Control | to be Processed | | | Code | Address | | | | | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | +--------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------------+ Automatic built-in subroutines include interrupt system, edit commands, tape compression, table lookup, and record scatter-gather. Automatic coding Autocoder is a technique of programming which allows the 7070 to generate many machine instructions for one written operation; easily adaptable to commercial problems. Fortran is a technique of programming in which the 7070 accepts problems written in formulae form; easily adaptable to scientific work. Report generator is a generalized program permitting report preparation from any tape file containing the basic data required. Input-output control system is a package which when included in a program automatically schedules simultaneous reading, writing and processing functions. In addition to the above, utility routines, sort and merge programs and simulation routines are available for the 7070. Registers There are 99 words which may be designated as index words simplifying program preparation through automatic address modification and multiple use of single instructions. There are three addressable accumulators, an arithmetic register (intermediate storage) and an auxiliary register. ARITHMETIC UNIT Manufacturer Fixed Point Incl Stor Access Microsec Digits Add 72 (10+10) Mult 672-1,488 (10x10) Div 792-984 (1 to 5 in quotient) Construction (Arithmetic unit only) The arithmetic unit is constructed of transistors, diodes, and magnetic cores. Arithmetic mode Serial (adder) Timing Synchronous (Central Proc Unit) Asynchronous (Input-output Devices) Operation Sequential (Central Proc Unit) Concurrent (Input-output Devices) The arithmetic unit is not an isolated unit. Through a standard automatic priority processing feature, an input or output device can signal a 7070 stored program immediately on completion of an operation. On the basis of priority signals, a stored program can determine which steps to perform next to optimize utilization of all components. STORAGE Manufacturer No. of No. of Media Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Core 5,000-9,990 50,000 to 6 99 900 Disc Storage 600,000 to 6 to 48 100-850 4,800,000 million mil/sec Disc storage access time is 100 to 850 milliseconds Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 40 Units No. of char/linear inch of tape 556 Char/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 112.5 Inches/sec Transfer rate 62.5K Char/sec Start time 7.3 Millisec Stop time 7.3 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 200-2,400 Feet Composition Mylar base The above spacifications reflect but one tape unit (729-4). There are other tape s eeds attainable through another tape unit (729-2) with the tapes completely compatible. Mylar is DuPont's registered trademark for its polyester film. USA OSA Core 10,000 100,000 6 USAF MATS Magnetic Core5,00050,000 6 Magnetic Disk2,400,00024,000,000 100-850 Millisec UCC Magnetic Cores5,00050,000 6 Brown Univ Magnetic Core 5,000 Magnetic Tape 4 units INPUT Manufacturer Media Speed Card Reader 500 cards/min Magnetic Tape 15,000; 22,500; 41,600; 62,500 char/sec Typewriter Remote Inq. Manual Console Manual USA OSA Cards and 62,500 char/sec magnetic tape. USAF MATS Cards and 41,667 char/sec magnetic tape. UCC Cards Brown Univ. Cards, magnetic tape, and typewriter

BRL 1961, IBM 7070, start page 0540

OUTPUT Manufacturer Media Speed Card Punch 250 cards/min Magnetic Tape 15,000; 22,500; 41,600; 62,500 char/sec Printer 150 lines/min 120 alphanum char/line Typewriter 600 char/min Peripheral operations i.e. card to tape, tape to printer, and tape to card will in many cases replace card input, printer and card output and be done by the IBM 1401 Data Processing System. Speeds are as follows: Card Read 800 cards/min Printer 600 lines/min Card Punch 250 cards/min USA OSA Tape 62,500 char/sec Card 250 cards/min Typewriter10 char/sec USAF MATS Magnetic Tape 41,667 char/see (729 II Tape Drive Punched Cards 250 cards/min UCC Cards 250 cards/min Brown Univ. Cards, printer, magnetic tape, and typewriter. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Manufacturer Type Quantity Magnetic Cores 300,000 5,000 words memory 600,000 10,000 words memory CHECKING FEATURES Manufacturer The transfer of information between memory and the arithmetic and programming unit or input/output devices is completely checked for validity. All input/output devices including card readers, card punches, tape units and printers are validity checked on transfer of information. For example, tape units have dual read/write heads which check writing validity at the time the record is created. All arithmetic operations are checked. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Manufacturer Power, computer19.3 KVA Weight, computer 23,150 lbs It is suggested that the space requirements for the 7070 be extracted from actual installations, as this figure can vary widely. Physical planning manual available from manufacturer. USA OSA Power, computer 30 Kw 54 KVA 0.75 pf Power, air cond 54 Kw 72 KVA 0.75 Pf Volume, computer1,130 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 800 cu ft Area, computer1,600 sq ft Area, air conditioner800 sq ft Room size, computer 4o ft x 4o ft Room size, air condi 20 ft x 40 ft Floor loading 400 lbs/sq ft 2,800 lbs concen mar Capacity, air condition 50 Tons (incl transceiver room Weight, computer41,000 lbs Weight, air conditioner 15,000 lbs Site preparation consisted of building modification, power installation, floating floors and air conditioning. USAF MATS Power, computer 39.8 KVA Power, air conditioner 24 Kw UCC Power, computer 18.6 KVA Area, computer 864 sq ft Floating floor. Brown Univ. Computer is housed in a separate building, designed by Philip Johnson, Associates, for the purpose. PRODUCTION RECORD Manufacturer Time required for delivery approx 12 months COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Manufacturer Monthly Purchase Model Rental Price 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 $ 700 $ 27,500 4 900 48,500 7150 Console Cntrl Unit 1 300 13,050 7300 Disk Storage 1 975 62,200 2 1,500 74,800 7301 Core Storage 1 3,500 160,000 2 6,800 285,400 7400 Printer 1 950 41,500 7500 Card Reader 1 400 18,000 7501 Console Card Reader 1 75 3,700 7550 Card Punch 1 550 24,600 7600 Input-Output Control 1 1,400 63,000 2 800 33,000 7601 Arith & Prog Cntrl 1 3,000 138,100 7602 Core Storage Control 1 1,400 65,200 2 1,600 73,950 3 1,500 69,800 4 1,800 83,800 5 1,900 88,500 7603 Input-Output Synch 1 1,000 46,050 2 1,300 59,250 3 1,350 62,050 4 1,650 75,250 5 2,000 91,250 6 1,700 78,050 7 1,600 72,450 8 1,950 88,450 9 2,300 l04,450 7604 Tape Control 1 2,700 122,550 2 1,850 94,000 7605 Disk Storage Cntrl 1 3,900 174,000 7802 Power Converter 1 400 18,700 7900 Inquiry Station 1 250 10,300 Maintenance contract available A sample 7070 installation rental is as follows: Monthly Quantity Machine Type Rental 8 729-2 Tape Units $5,600 1 7150 Console Control Unit 300 1 7301 Core Storage (5,000 words 3,500 1 7501 Console Card Reader 75 1 7600 Input/output Control 825 1 7601 Arith, & Prog. Control 3,000 1 7602 Core Storage Control 1,600 1 7604 Tape Control (2 channel) 2,700 1 7802 Power Converter 400 ------- $18,000

BRL 1961, IBM 7070, start page 0541

This is a tape-oriented system. For card-tape, tape-card, tape-printer operations, a 1401 machine would be used. This equipment is described elsewhere in the writeups. The above rental rates include customer engineering maintenance and parts and cover the first 176 hours a month the system is in use. Each hour of use thereafter is subject to a rate of 1/176 of 40%. A maintenance contract is available for components of a purchased system at rates per a published schedule. Purchase price, typical system: $813,250 Rental price, typical system: $ 17,400 monthly USA OSA Rental is $27,950/month. 1-727 Tape Drive, 1-720 II Printer, and 1-760 Printer Control, rents at a total of $4,950/month. Maintenance included in rental. USAF MATS Quantity Type Monthly Rental 1 7150 $ 300 2 7300 3,000 1 7301 3,500 1 7500 400 1 7550 550 1 7600 1,400 1 7601 3,000 1 7602 1,900 1 7603 2,050 1 7604 2,700 1 7605 3,900 1 7802 400 1 7900 250 4 729 2,800 1 533 765 2 Typewriter 420 -------- $27 335 UCC Basic 7070/card input/card output cost $580,000. 407 Printer, storage for panel boards, keypunch, and above system rental at $12,700/month. The407 rents at $850/month. Brown Univ. A 7070 System, with 4 tape drives, automatic floating point, on line printer and 407 tabulator is purchased. Key punches, reproducer and sorter are rented. Service contract with IBM for purchased system. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Manufacturer The number of people required will vary a great deal based upon type of work (scientific, commercial mix), type of industry coupled with application. Education training, program testing, technical assistance on all phases is available. USA OSA One 8-Hour Shift Used Recommended Supervisors 4 4 Analysts 8 8 Programmers-Coders 12 16 Clerks 1 4 Methods of training used includes internal orientation, IBM programming school and on-the-job training. USAF MATS One 8-Hour Shift Used Recommended Supervisors 4 4 Analysts 8 8 Programmers-Coders 20 20 Librarians 1 1 Operators 1 1 Engineers 1 1 In-Output Oper 1 1 Tape Handlers 1 1 Methods of training used includes contractor schools and on-the-job training. UCC One 8-Hour Shift Supervisors 3 Analysts 2 Programmers 3 Operators 2 Operation tends toward closed shop. Methods of training used is manufacturer's training. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY Manufacturer System features and construction techniques utilized by manufacturer to insure required reliability include diagnostic programs and marginal checking, to detect and anticipate component failures, and solid state components together with conservative circuit design criteria, to assure a high level of reliability. UCC Time is not available for rent to outside organizations. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Manufacturer One of the most outstanding features of the 7070 is its modularity. For growth, the 7070 System can be quickly and easily converted to the 7074 in the field. The 7074 is 6 to 20 times as fast as the 7070 internally, and completely compatible with programs written for the 7070. The 7070 can be used efficiently for a scientific-commercial mix. USA OSA Magnetic tape library on wheels will store input tapes in alternate area. This will allow for recreation of files as of yesterday. Normal IBM procedures are used for labelling and handling of magnetic tapes. Tape library procedures provide for central control or tape and program set up. Librarian will be focal point of operation. USAF MATS The Inventory Control Application will operate online from remote input/output stations simultaneously with other periodically processed applications. Use will be made of the IBM Input/Output Control System (IOCS) for all. tape operations. A fireproof vault has been built adjacent to the computer room for magnetic tape storage.

BRL 1961, IBM 7070, start page 0542

FUTURE PLANS Manufacturer See IBM 7074 Data Processing System. USA OSA A 1401-C System will replace the 727, 720 II and 760 in about 1 year. Additional applications will include performing same functions for Mutual Security requirements. USAF MATS The system will be modified to provide improved printing capability, either through acquisition of an on-line printer or through acquisition of an IBM 1401 System. UCC Use of magnetic tape is planned for the system. An IBM 7070 is anticipated at the U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Corona, California. An IBM 7070 w/8 tapes is anticipated at the General Insurance Company of America. An IBM 7070 is anticipated at the Western Electric Company. INSTALLATIONS U. S. Army Quartermaster Depot Richmond, Virginia (Proposed) U. S. Navy Puget Sound Shipyard Bremerton, Washington (Proposed) American Airlines 100 Park Avenue New York, N. Y. (Proposed) AVCO Corporation Crosley Division 1329 Arlington Street Cincinnati 29, Ohio (Proposed) General Motors Corporation A. C. Spark Plug Division 1300 N. Dort Highway Flint, Michigan (Proposed) The Martin Company Baltimore, Maryland (Proposed) Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company 520 Broad Street Newark 1, New Jersey (Proposed) Western Electric Company 77 So. Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois (Proposed) University of Rochester Rochester, New York (Proposed) U. S. Army Oversea Supply Agency, New York Brooklyn Army Terminal Brooklyn 50, New York 1608th Air Transport Wing (MATS) Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina Union Carbide Chemicals Company Technical Center South Charleston, West Virginia Brown University Division of Applied Mathematics Providence 12, Rhode Island Indiana University Research Computing Center Bloomington, Indiana Yale University Computing Center 135 Prospect Street New Haven, Connecticut Bank of America (2) 500 Howard Street San Francisco, California Combustion Engineering, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue New York 16, N. Y. (Installation Newark, N. J.) E1 Paso Natural Gas Company P. 0. Box 1492 E1 Paso, Texas General Motors Corporation A. C. Spark Plug Division 7929 S. Howell Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin The Ohio 011 Company 539 South Main Street Findlay, Ohio Universal Oil Products Company 30 Algonquin Road Des Plaines, Illinois U. S. Treasury Department (3) Internal Revenue Service loth Constitution Avenues Washington, D. C.

BRL 1961, IBM 7070, start page 0543

BRL 1961, IBM 7074, start page 0544

IBM 7074

IBM 7074 Data Processing System MANUFACTURER International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS For use in commercial and/or scientific applications. This system has the flexibility of componentry and internal speeds to allow for either type of application. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system 2 out of 5 fixed-count coded decimal Decimal digits/word 10 plus sign Decimal digits/instruction 10 plus sign Instructions decoded 241 Arithmetic system Fixed point Floating point is optional Instruction type One address (with ability of addressing any part of a word) Number range Fixed Point -10¹⁰ < x < +10¹⁰ Floating Point |+-10^-50| < x < |+-10⁴⁹| Instruction word format +--------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------------+ | Sign | Two Digit | Two Digit | Field | Address of Data | | | Operation | Indexing | Control | to be Processed | | | Code | Address | | | | | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | +--------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------------+ Automatic built-in subroutines include interrupt system, edit commands, tape compression, table lookup, and record scatter-gather. Automatic coding: As on the IBM 7070 there is Autocoder, Fortran, Report Generator, and an Input Output Control System. There are 99 words which may be designated as index words. There are three addressable accumulators, an arithmetic register (intermediate storage) and an auxil iary register. ARITHMETIC UNIT Fixed Point Operation Incl Stor Access Time Micro sec Add 10 Molt 56 (0-9 by 0-9) Div 70 (5 digits quotient) Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Concurrent in Input/output The arithmetic unit is not an isolated unit. STORAGE No. of Access Media No. of Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Core 5,000 or 9,990 50,000 or 4 99,900 Disk Storage 600,000 to 4,800,000 6 to 48 million Disc storage access time is 100 to 850 millisec. Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 40 Units No. of chars/linear inch of tape 556 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 112.5 Inches/sec Transfer rate 62,500 Chars/sec Start-stop time 7.3 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 200-2,400 Feet Composition Mylar base DuPonts registered trademark for its polyester film. The above specifications reflect the IBM 729-IV tape drive. Also available is a 729-II tape drive. A density mode in both tape drives provides four different speed rates and complete interchangeability of data on both drives. INPUT Media Speed Card Reader 500 cards/min (Control Panel Format) Magnetic Tape 15,000; 22,500; 41,600; 62,500 chars/sec Typewriter Remote Manual Inquiry Console Manual Disk Storage 12,000 dig/sec OUTPUT Media Speed Card Punch 250 cards/min (Control Panel Format) Magnetic Tape Same as input Printer 150 lines/min 120 char/line (Control Panel Format) Typewriter 10 char/sec Format selection Disk Storage 6 K D 6,000 dig/sec, includes write com- pare check For tape-oriented systems (no card equipment on line) an IBM 1401 Data Processing System would be used for peripheral operations at speeds of: card read, 800 cards/min; card punch, 250 cards/min; and printer, 600 lines/min.

BRL 1961, IBM 7074, start page 0545

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Magnetic Cores 300,000 5,000 words of memory 600,000 l0,000 words of memory CHECKING FEATURES The transfer of information between memory and the arithmetic and programming unit or input/output devices is completely checked for validity. All input output devices including card readers, card punches, tape units and printers are validity checked on transfer of information. For example, tape units have dual read/write heads which check writing validity at the time the record is created. All arithmetic operations are checked. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 29.14 KVA Weight, computer 23,150 lbs Physical planning manual and assistance available on request. It is suggested that space requirements for the 7074 be extracted from actual installations, as this figure can vary widely. COST PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Monthly Purchase Machine Model Rental Price 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 $700 $27,500 4 900 48,500 7150 Console Control Unit 1 300 13,050 7300 Disk Storage 1 975 62,200 2 1,500 74,800 7400 Printer 1 950 41,500 7500 Card Reader 1 400 18,000 7501 Console Card Reader 1 75 3,700 7550 Card Punch 1 550 24,600 7600 Input-Output Control 1 1,400 63,O00 2 800 33,000 7603 Input-Output Synchron- 1 1,000 46,050 izer 2 1,300 59,250 3 1,350 62,050 4 1,650 75,250 5 2,000 91,250 6 1,700 78,050 7 1,600 72,450 8 1,950 88,450 9 2,300 104,450 7604 Tape Control 1 2,700 122,550 2 1,850 94,ooo 7605 Disk Storage Control 1 3,900 174,000 7802 Power Converter 1 400 18,700 7900 Inquiry Station 1 250 10,300 7104 High Speed Processor 1 7,300 313,000 2 7,400 317,000 3 7,500 321,000 4 7,700 329,000 5 7,800 333,000 7602 Core Storage Control 6 1,200 49,400 7301 Core Storage 3 4,700 208,600 4 8,000 334,000 Selling Price, Average System $1,284,350 Monthly Rental, Average System 29,300 Maintenance contract available on request. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Number of people required varies according to volume of work and type of applications. Training made available by the manufacturer to the users includes education, training, program testing, and technical assistance in all phases. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCED AND TIME AVAILABILITY Diagnostic programs and marginal checking are used to detect and anticipate component failures. Solid-state components, together with conservative circuit design criteria assure a high level of reliability. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include conversion from the IBM 7070 to the IBM 7074 which may take place in the field. (See IBM 7070). The 7074 is completely compatible with 7070 programs. Thus a customer is able to obtain additional processing power to match job growth with minimum effort and expense. Sales Engineers and texts will be available to assist installations in the area of magnetic tape handling.

BRL 1961, IBM 7080, start page 0546

IBM 7080

IBM 7080 Data Processing System MANUFACTURER International Business Machines Corporation Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS This is a general purpose computer designed for both commercial and scientific applications. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Alphabetic Alphanumeric chars/word Variable Alphanumeric chars/instruction 5 Instructions decoded 69 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address Number range - - 10²⁵⁵ < M < 10²⁵⁵ Instruction word format +-------------+-------------------------+ | Operation | Address with zone bits | | | as indicators | +-------------+-------------------------+ Automatic built-is subroutines includes an interrupt system, a store-for-paint, and a transmit. Automatic coding includes 7080 Processor including Auto coder III, File Maintenance and Report/File Writing, Decision Making and Fortran. Registers includes one 256 character accumulator, 30 auxiliary storage units (512 characters), and 32 eight character words for communication storage. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add (6+6) 13.08 (6 char + 6 char Mult (6x6) 140 (6 char x 6 char Div 210 (10 char/6 char) Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors 36,000 Magnetic Cores 9,000

BRL 1961, IBM 7080, start page 0547

Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous and Asynchronous Operation Concurrent STORAGE Access Media No. of Characters Microsec Core 40 000; 80,000; 160,000 2.18 Core (Fast Registers) 1.09 Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 50 Units No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 75 or 112.5 Inches/sec Transfer rate 15,000; 22,500;41,667; 62,500 Chars/sec Start-stop time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 2,400 Feet INPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape See Storage Card 250 cards/min OUTPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape See Storage Card 100 cards/min Console Typewriter 600 char/min In addition to the above components, an IBM 1401 Data Processing System may be used for peripheral operations. The speeds of the 1401 components are: Card Reading 800 cards/min Card Punching 250 cards/min Printing 600 lines/min TapesThe 7080 tapes are completely compatible with the 1401 system CHECKING FEATURES Character code check on internal operations and data transmission sign check for arithmetic instructions overflow, character code check during transmission from storage to I/0 units, horizontal and vertical parity check on magnetic tape, dual level sensing, two gap head for verification of tape writing, two read stations in card reader, echo checking on line printer, and row-count comparison in card punching. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 14.4 Kw Area, computer 1,000-1,200 sq ft (approx) Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft Weight, computer 19,700 lbs Site preparation requirements: Physical planning manual and assistance available. PRODUCTION RECORD Time required for delivery 12 months COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Monthly Purchase Type Description Model Rental Price 7102 Arith & Logical Unit 1 $14,500 $685,000 7153 Console Control Unit 1 1,500 75,000 7302 Core Storage 1 17,500 840,000 7305 Ctrl Stor & 1/0 Ctrl 1 7,300 345,000 2 8,400 395,000 7800 Power Converter 1 700 25,000 7801 Power Control 1 900 35,000 7621 Tape Control 2 3,300 147,000 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 700 27,000 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 4 900 48,500 7622 Signal Control 1 1,500 26,000 The above renatl rates include customer engineering maintenance and parts and cover the first 176 hours a month the system is in use. Each hour of use thereafter is subject to a rate of 1176th of 40%. A maintenance contract is available for components of a purchased system at rates per a published schedule. Purchase Price, typical system: $2,200,000 Monthly Rental, typical system: $ 48,000 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS The number of people required to operate this computer system will vary with the configuration, the application and the policies of the user. Education and training in all phases of computer use are provided by the manufacturer. One week classes conducted for executives at IBM educational departments in Endicott and Poughkeepsie, New York. Comparable classes are available in several major cities across the country. These courses are designed to acquaint executives with the organization, operating characteristics, capacities, and applications of the 7080. Customers who complete this course are better able to evaluate the advantages, economics and wide business applications of the 7080. In addition to the executive class, courses are available to qualified methods personnel. These classes are of longer duration and provide knowledge of programming and necessary operating details. Special representatives offer overall consulting service in connection with the study of possible uses. Sales engineers are available to assist in preparing the site for physical installation. This assistance begins twelve months in advance of delivery. The Programming Service has personnel available for consultation with field representatives and customers. A library of programs common to many problems is available for adoption as sub- routines by customer. Automatic coding, as listed under automatic coding, is available. Symbolic coding methods and assembly programs are available. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY This system is completely compatible with the IBM 705 Data Processing System. The logic of these systems is carried forward with additional features to increase the memory size and the internal speed and usefulness of the data channels. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Reference is made to the 7080 Physical Planning Manual which assists in the preparation of the site. INSTALLATIONS International Business Machines Corp., Data ystems Division, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. International Business Machines Corp., Methods DS Manufacturing, South Road, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y. Commonwealth Edison Company, 72 W. Adams Street, Chicago, I11. International Harvester Co., Motor Truck Div., Box 1109, Meyer Road, Fort Wayne, Indiana Convair, Fort Worth, Texas (Proposed)

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0548

IBM 7090

IBM 7090 Data Processing System MANUFACTURER International Business Machines Corporation Photo by International Business Machines,Corporation APPLICATIONS Manufacturer System is designed and used for scientific and commercial data processing, real time flight control, safety and impact prediction calculations, and message processing. General Electric-Missile & Space Vehicle Dept. Located at 3198 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa., the system is used for flight test data reduction, for engineering computations, including aerodynamics, flight mechanics.space science problems, for trajectory analysis, for data processing including recording, updating and maintaining files on provisioning, reliability, document control, weight and balance, and wiring harness problems, and business data processing routines such as personnel accounting records, cost ledger, general ledgers and budget exercises. Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. Located at El Segundo, California, the system is used for the full spectrum of scientific computations. Union Carbide Corporation Located on the 36th floor of the Union Carbide Building, 270 Park Avenue, New York City, the system is used for sales analysis, financial reporting, product costing, engineering studies, operations research and economic studies, scientific analysis, and others to be added as time goes by. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Steam Division Located at Lester Branch P. O., Philadelphia 13, Pa., the system is used for commercial applications, e.g. integrated data processing system including payroll, personnel statistics, labor distribution, inventory control, shop scheduling, shop simulation, manufacturing information, general and cost accounting, dispatch, purchasing, drafting planning, sales negotiation, linear programming, and statistical analyses, and for scientific applications, e.g. turbine performance, testing, and design, numerically controlled machine tools, stress analysis, heat balance, and

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0549

Photo by General Electric Company, Missile & Space Vehicle Department curve fitting. University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratories Located at Livermore, California, the system is used forthe solution of differential equations. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Manufacturer Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 36 Binary digits/instruction 36 Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 205 Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point Instruction typeOne address Number range Floating - 10³⁸ < N < 10³⁸ Fixed - (2³⁵ - 1) < N < (2³⁵ - 1) Instruction word format - +----------+--------+-------+-------------------+ | Op Code | Flag | Tag | Address | +----------+--------+-------+-------------------+ | S 1 11 | 12 13 | 18 21 | 22 35 | +----------+--------+-------+-------------------+ Format varies with instruction type Automatic coding includes the SHARE Operating System and FORTRAN. There are three index registers and four arithmetic registers (full word), i.e. the Accumulator, Multiplier-Quotient, Storage and Sense Indicator registers. ARITHMETIC UNIT Manufacturer Fixed Point Floating Point Microsec Microsec Add 4.36 13.08 to 32.70 Mutt 4.36-30.52 4.36 - 28.34 Div 6.54-32.70 6.54 - 28.34 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) The arithmetic unit is constructed of 20,000 tran sistors. Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Synchronous (Central Proc Unit) Asynchronous (Input-Output) Operation Sequential (Central Proc Unit) Concurrent (Input-Output) Input and output operations on up to eight data channels can operate concurrently with the main computational program in the Central Processing Unit.

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0550

Photo by General Electric Company, Missile & Space Vehicle Department STORAGE Manufacturer No. of Access Media Words Microsec Magnetic Core 32,768 2.18 Magnetic Tape 2,500,000/reel 7,000 or 10,000 No. of units that can be connected 80 Units No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 75 or 112.5 Inches/sec Transfer rate 15,000; 22,500; 41,667; 62,500 Chars/ sec Start time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec Stop time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 30 - 60 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 2,400 Feet Composition Mylar Mylar is DuPont's registered trade mark for Polyester Film. GE Magnetic core and 10 magnetic tape units. Space Tech Labs Magnetic core and magnetic tape. Union Carbide Magnetic core and magnetic tape. Westinghouse Magnetic core and magnetic tape. UCLRL MediaNo. of Words Access Microsec Core 32,768 2 Magnetic Tapes 729 IV 6 Tape Units 970 Magnetic Tapes 729 II4 Tape Units 1,400 The above indicated access time is for reading in low density mode. For writing, it would be 729 II 4400 microsec and 729 IV 2970 microsec. High density operation for 729 II 250 microsec faster and for 729 IV 170 microsec. INPUT Manufacturer Media Speed Magnetic Tape See Storage Cards 250 cards/min (on-line) Card to Magnetic Tape 250 or 800 cards/min (off-line) Higher conversion rate using IBM 1401 for generating input tape.

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0551

Photo by General Electric Company, Missile & Space Vehicle Dept. GE Media Speed IBM Cards 250 cards/min (Off line Card Reader) Magnetic Tape 15,000 or 62,500 char/sec Space Tech Labs Magnetic tape and punched cards. Union Carbide 8 729 II Tape Drives 75 in/sec 4 729 IV Tape Drives 112.5 in/sec 1 711 Card Reader 250 cards/min Also off line 714 Card Reader (250 cards/min) with 727 Tape Drive (75 in/sec). Westinghouse Magnetic Tape 75in/sec (IBM 729 II)15,000 or 42,000 char/sec Magnetic Tape 112.5 in/sec (IBM 729 IV)22,500 or 62,500 char/sec One of these units may be installed. Character rate varies due to high or low density tape option. UCLRL Cards 250cards/min 24 words/card Binary 72 col/card. Decimal Tapes 729 IV270 microsec/word low density Tapes 729 II400 microsec/word low density High density values for tapes are 150 microsec/word for 729 11 and 100 microsec/word for 729 IV. OUTPUT Manufacturer Media Speed Magnetic Tape See Storage (Recording in BCD or Binary) Cards 100 cards/min (on-line) Printed Page 150 lines/min (On-line) Tape to Printer 150 or 600 lines/min Tape-to-Card conversion can proceed at 100 or 250 cards/min. The faster rates of conversion are ob- tained when using the IBM 1401 for off-line tape to card and tape to printer functions. GE Cards 100 cards/min Tape 15,000 or 62,500 char/sec Printer 150 lines/min (attached to system) Printer 500 lines/min (tape to printer off line) Printer 4,000 lines/min (tape to printer off line) Space Tech Labs Magnetic Tape62,500 char/sec Line Printer 150 lines/min Cards 100 cards/min (80 column)

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Photo by Space Technology Laboratories, Incorporated Union Carbide Media Speed Magnetic Tape 1 716 Printer 150 lines/min 1 721 Card Punch100 cards/min Also off line 7204 and 717 printers (500 and 150 lines per minute respectively) with a 727 tape drive each, and an off line card punch - 722 at 100 cards min with a 727 tape drive. UCLRL Printer 150 lines/min 72 chars/line Tapes729 II low density for off-line printer Cards 100 cards/min 24 words/card Binary 72 col/card Decimal CHECKING FEATURES Manufacturer Checking features include accumulator overflow, divide check, floating point overflow,and underflow, data channel I/0 check, horizontal and vertical parity check on magnetic tape, dual level sensing, two gap head for verification of tape writing, and echo checking on the line printer. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Manufacturer Power, computer 5.8 Kw Weight, computer 17,795 lbs Physical Planning Manual available on request - IBM Form No. x21-1209. GE Power, computer 5.84 Kw 6.9 KVA Volume, computer 18,000 cu ft Volume, air condition13,800 cu ft Area, computer 2,000 sq ft Area, air conditioner160 sq ft Room size, computer50 ft x 40 ft Room size, air condition8 ft x 20 ft Floor loading200 lbs concen ma x Capacity, air conditioner30 Tons Weight, computer30,000 lbs Site preparations .include a steel sub-floor, an acoustical hung ceiling, and a room enclosed by dou ble glass and wall board. Space Tech Labs Power, computer 35 KVA Volume, computer17,000 cu ft Area, computer 1,700 sq ft Floor loading80 lbs/sq ft Site preparation included a 24-inch false ceiling

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0553

Photo by C E I R, Incorporated and an 18-inch raised floor. The air conditioning is included in the building system. Union Carbide Power, computer 300 KVA Power, air conditioner 75 Tons Volume, computer 25,500 cu ft Volume, air conditioner3,400 cu ft Area, computer 3,000 sq ft Area, air condiioner 400 sq ft Room size 75 ft x 40 ft Floor loading 50 lbs/sq ft 300 lbs concen max Weight, computer 50,000 lbs Computer is installed on the 36th floor of an office building which is completely air conditioned and equipped with sealed windows. Structural steel of the 36th floor was lowered 12 inches to allow for raised floor-used for cabling etc. - which was prepared by the Lishe Aluminum Co. and consists of 2 1/2 x 2 1`2 panel. Room will be equipped with false "egg crate' ceiling. Air plenum chamber also used. Westinghouse Power, computer 5.84 Kw 6.9 KVA 19.0 pf Volume, computer1,030 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 96 cu ft Area, computer 212 sq ft Area, air conditioner16 sq ft Room size 1,000 sq ft Floor loading 69 lbs/sq ft 80 lbs concen max Capacity 3 1/2 Tons Weight, computer 14,655 lbs Weight, air conditioner800 lbs The air conditioner is to maintain 75oF and 50% relative humidity, assuming 4 persons are in room. UCLRL Power, computer 28 Kw 35 KVS 0.8 pf Power, air cond 22 Kw 32 KVA 0.9 pf Volume, computer 1,200 cu ft Volume, air conditioner2,000 cu ft Area, computer 200 sq ft Area, air conditioner 360 sq ft Room size, computer25 ft x 40 ft Room size, air conditioner12 ft x 30 ft x 10 ft Floor loading 30 lbs/sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 500 lbs concen Tnax Weight, computer 30,000 lbs Weight, air conditioner 16,000 lbs Site was previously occupied by an IBM 704, so preparation consisted of drilling some new cable holes in concrete floor and rerouting cope trays.

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0554

Photo by University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory PRODUCTION RECORD Manufacturer Time required for delivery18 - 24 months Number of systems produced Over 8 COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Manufacturer Monthly Purchase Type Description Model Rental Price 771 Card Reader 2 $ 800 $32,000 716 Printer 1 1,200 54,200 721 Card Punch 1 600 25,000 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 700 27,500 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 4 900 48,500 7100 Central Process Unit 1 16,975 707,500 7151 Console Control Unit 1 1,225 61,700 7302 Core Storage 1 19,800 950,000 7606 Multiplexor 1 3,900 156,300 7607 Data Channel (Tape 1 4,500 208,400 and Card) 7607 Data Channel (Tape) 2 3,500 169,900 7608 Power Converter 1 1,600 60,000 Monthly rental, typical system: $63,500 Purchase price, typical system: $2,898,000 Maintenance contract available. Space Tech Labs System cost is $2,949,000 and rental rate is $66,100 per month. Union Carbide 2 channel IBM 7090, with I/0 equipment listed, rents at about $76,000. Westinghouse IBM 7100, IBM 7302, IBM 7607, 10 IBM 729 11, IB14 7151, IBM 7606, and IBM 7608 rent for $60,000/month. Maintenance and serive provided by manufacturer included in monthly rental. UCLRL IBM 7151, 7302, 7100, 7606, 7607, 7608, 7617, 7617, 7618 purchased for $2,313,800. IBM 716, 711, 721, ten 729's rent at $11,600/month. Maintenance contract at $2,500/month. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Manufacturer Education, training, program testing, technical assistance are provided.

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GE Three 8-Hour Shifts Used Recommended Supervisors 3 3 Analysts20 30 Programmers 17 20 Coders 10 12 Clerks 1 1 Librarians 1 1 Operators 3 4 Input-Output Oper 4 5 Tape Handlers 3 4 Scheduler 1 1 Operation tends toward open shop. Methods of training used include on-the-job training and IBM School. Space Tech Labs Three 8-Hour Shifts Supervisors 15 Analysts 6 Programmers 60 Clerks 2 Librarians 1 Operators 7 Engineers 1 Technicians 2 Input-Output Op- 2 Tape Handlers 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. Methods of training used includes IBM local short courses, internal two- week courses, and on-the-job training. Union Carbide One 8-Hour Shift Supervisors 6 Programmers 16 Operators 2 In-Output Oper 1 Tape Handlers 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. Methods of training used includes IBM and internal training courses. Applications programmed outside the department will be accepted for running on the 7090 by EDP personnel. In other words, programming is, if desirable, open shop, operations are closed shop. UCLRL Seven days/week Three 8-Hour Shifts Supervisors 1 Programmers 21 Coders 5 Librarians 1 Operators 10 Operation tends toward open shop. Personnel are trained by working with an experienced person. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY GE Average error-free running period 110 Hours Good time 110 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 120 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.916 Above figures based on period 16 Jun 60 to 14 Aug 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 16 Jun 60 Time is available for rent to qualified outside or- ganizations. Time is made available, on none interference basis, to other government contractors. Space Tech Labs Passed Customer Acceptance Test July 1960 Westinghouse System installed in May 1961. UCLRL Good time110 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time150 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.75 Above figures based on period 1 Jul 60 to 15 Jul 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jul 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- tions. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Manufacturer Outstanding features include high speed, compatibility with IBM 704 and 709 systems, a rich operation code set, and a very fast memory. Unique system advantages include overlap of input output operations with computing with very low memory interference rate and automatic interrupting facilities permitting I/0 devices to interrupt main program. Many special features and attachments are available on a "Request for Price Quotation" basis: (i.e.) Cathode Ray Tube pictorial output, clocks, extended precision arithmetic, direct data I/0 device, tape switch, etc. Manufacturer's recommendations for the care and handling of magnetic tape: Storage for frequent or infrequent usage (Mylar Base) at relative humidity 0 to 80% (The upper limit on humidity is given to prevent the formation of fungus and mold growth. This limit may be exceeded by hermetically sealing the tape in a plastic bag.) and temperature 40 to 120oF. The tape should be stored in a dust proof container. Should the tape be exposed to atmospheric conditions outside the above limits for more than four hours, it must be reconditioned by allowing it to remain at the given condition for a length of time equal to the time it was away. Twenty-four hours reconditioning is necessary if the tape is removed for longer than twenty-four hours. General Precautions The tape should not come in contact with magnetic material at any time and should never be subjected to strong magnetic fields. Either of these can cause the loss of information or the introduction of noise. When shipping magnetic tape, the reel should be placed in a dust-proof container and hermetically sealed in a plastic bag. Additional support should be obtained by enclosing in an individual cardboard box. GE Outstanding features include column binary, on line clock, speed necessary to meet schedules, capacity large enough to handle our largest programs, and size (not cumbersome machine to operate). Customer asks for tapes to be assigned to him although physical use of tapes are under control of tape librarian. The customer maintains a log of what he has been assigned and releases the tapes as data is no longer of any value. Stored in special design plastic containers under humidity and temperature controlled conditions. Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution will use an IBM 7090 System at its Astrophysical Observatory for four hours during the day. The rest of the time is to be made available, by contract, to Computer Services, Inc. of Englewood, New Jersey, for purchase and resale.

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0556

General Motors Allison Division Indianapolis 6, Indiana The 7090 is scheduled for shipment. The specifica_ tions and prices are as follows: Monthly Qty Unit Rental 1 711 $ 812.00 1 716 1,218.Oo 1 721 6o9.oo 18 729 IV at 913.50 1 7100 19,589.50 The above price includes the 8K nullification RPM, at $25.00 1 7151 1.243.38 1 7302 17,762.50 1 7606 1 7607-1 4,958.53 1 7607-2 .339-13 1 7608 3,324.13 710.50 2 7617 228.38 1 7618 913.50 Martin Company Denver, Colorado IBM 7090 System to consist of a 7608, 7618, 7607, (2) 7100's, 7606, 7302, 7607, (20) 729's, (2) 7617's, 7151, 711, and 716. FUTURE PLANS GE The 7090 will be using FORTRAN, SOS, and SAP as major assembler comilers as well as a generalized data processing system for technical data systems. A production monitor with programs on a master tape as subroutines will be used. This system will have built-in time checking of an on-line clock and will work along with the systems mentioned above. A link to combine MSVD's analog computer with the 7090 is almost ready for operation. It is anticipated that two IBM 1401 Systems and/or one GE 225 System will be added in 1961. These systems will be used primarily as input-output equipment for the 7090. INSTALLATIONS U. S. Army Ordnance Missile Command Redstone Arsenal, Alabama U. S. Navy David Taylor Model Basin Washington 7, D. C. Aerospace Technical Intelligence Center Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio U. S. Air Force Flight Test Center Data Processing and Computing Branch Edwards Air Force Base, California U. S. Air Force Mathematical Services Laboratory Eglin Air Force Base, Florida Wright Air Development Center, ARDC Directorate of Systems Engineering Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Proposed) Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey (Proposed) C E I R, Incorporated Arlington Research Center Arlington, Virginia C E I R, Incorporated Union Carbide Building 270 Park Avenue New York, N. Y. Convair Fort Worth, Texas General Electric Company Large Jet Engine Department Evendale 15, Ohio General Electric Company Evendale Computations Operation Evendale 15, Ohio General Electric Company Missile & Space Vehicle Department 3198 Chestnut Street Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania General Motors Corporation Research Laboratories 12 Mile and Warren Roads Warren, Michigan General Motors Corporation Allison Division Indianapolis 6, Indiana Gulf Research and Development Company P. 0. Drawer 2038 Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania (Proposed) International Business Machines Corporation Scientific Computation Laboratory Endicott, New York International Business Machines Corporation Data Systems Division Poughkeepsie, New York International Business Machines Corporation Research Center P. 0. Box 218 Yorktown Heights, New York Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Missile and Space Division Sunnyvale, California The Marquardt Corporation 16555 Saticoy Street Van Nuys, California North American Aviation, Inc. 4300 E. Fifth Avenue Columbus 16, Ohio (Proposed) Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Florida Research and Development Center United, Florida Rand Corporation 1700 Main Street Santa Monica, California Republic Aviation Corporation Farmingdale, L. I., New York Sandia Corporation Albuquerque, New Mexico (Proposed) Service Bureau Corporation IBM Plant San Jose, California Socony Mobil Oil Company 150 East 42nd Street New York 17, N.Y. Space Technology Laboratories, Incorporated 2400 E. E1 Segundo Blvd. E1 Segundo, California

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0557

Standard Oil Company of California Electronic Computer Center 225 Bush Street San Francisco 20, California Texaco, Incorporated P. 0. Box 2332 Houston 1, Texas Union Carbide Corporation 300 Madison Avenue, 1st Floor New York 17, N. Y. Westinghouse Electric Corporation Steam Division Lester Branch Philadelphia 13, Pennsylvania Westinghouse Electric Corporation 4L38 Advance Systems Engineering & Analytical Department East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins Road Scaggsville, Maryland University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratories Box 808 Livermore, California Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory

BRL 1961, IBM CPC, start page 0558

IBM CPC

IBM Card Programmed Calculator MANUFACTURER International Business Machines Corporation Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS Manufacturer Business and scientific calculating. U. S. Army Ordnance, Frankford Arsenal Along with a Burroughs E101 and 2 Univac 120'x, the following utilization is made: Field Service National Stock Accounting, fire control instruments, gage accounting, production control, payroll accounting, internal arsenal accounting including fiscal, budget, property and cost accounting, scientific computations in the field of fluid dynamics, interior ballistics, theoretical physics and certain aspects of nuclear physics. The Griscam-Russell Company Used for both commercial and scientific work. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary coded decimal Decimal digits/word 3 or 5 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One to two address Number range Dependent upon programming ARITHMETIC UNIT Exclud Stor Access Microsec Add 760 Malt 13,180 (average Div 15,480 (average Construction Vacuum tubes Rapid access word registers 4 Basic pulse repetition rate 50 KC Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential STORAGE Access Media Words Digits Microsec Electronic Tubes 9 37 760 Accumulator (Mech) 6 80 400,000- 800,000 Mechanical 48 480 400,000-1,200,000 INPUT Medium Speed Card Reader 100-150 cards/min OUTPUT Media Speed Printed Record 100-150 lines/min Summary Punch 50 cards/min CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Tubes 1,500 Tube types 4 CHECKING FEATURES Checking may be performed through control panel wiring.

BRL 1961, IBM CPC, start page 0559

POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 9.57 KVA Volume, computer 375 cu ft Area, computer 64 sq ft Weight, computer 5,755 lbs The above figures include the 412/418, 605, 527 Group. Special air conditioning is not required. PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced 693 Number in production 0 Delivery timeout of production COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Manufacturer Approximately $2,200/month and up. The Griscom-Russell Company Basic system $2,000/month, additional equipment $1,000/month. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS The Griscom-Russell Company One 8-hour shift requires one engineer and three technicians or operators. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE. AND TIME AVAILABILITY Manufacturer Average service time for all machines is approximately 25 hours/month. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS The IBM Card-programmed Electronic Calculator solves problems involving any number of sequential steps to obtain a single solution. It is a combination of several units, including three standard IBM machines, and bas many applications in engineering, scientific and actuarial computations. One standard unit is an electronic calculator capable of 2,174 additions and subtractions or 86 multiplications and divisions a second. Other units include an accounting machine for interpreting instructions and for accumulating and printing results, a storage unit for retaining data for later use in a problem and a punching unit for recording results in IBM cards. Numerical instructions in IBM cards direct the sequence of operations. These instructions tell the electronic calculator where to obtain factors; whether to add, subtract, multiply or divide, and what to do with the result-print it, punch it, hold it for later use, or perform combinations of these possibilities. When not being used for this type of computation, the accounting machine and electronic calculator may be disconnected and used to perform standard accounting and computing operations. INSTALLATIONS U. S. Army Ordnance, Frankford Arsenal Philadelphia, Pennsylvania NASA Langley Field, Virginia Allis-Chambers Manufacturing Company Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus 1, Ohio Esso Standard 011 Company New York 19, New York The Griscom-Russell Company Massillon, Ohio Republic Aviation Corporation Farmingdale, Long Island, New York United Aircraft Corporation East Hartford 8, Connecticut

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0560

IBM STRETCH

IBM Stretch Computer MANUFACTURER International Business Machines Corporation Photo by the International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS Engineering development, scientific research, real time processing and control, logistics, procurement and supply, production scheduling and control, and other areas of application. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary and decimal Binary and decimal digits/word 64 bits or 16 digits Binary digits/instruction 32 or 64 Instructions per word 1 or 2 Instructions decoded 154 basic Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point Binary and Decimal Integer Arithmetic for variable length fields Instruction type One and two address Number range - 2¹⁰²⁴ < N < 2¹⁰²⁴ for float- ing point with a 48 bit fraction Integer arithmetic: 0 < N < 2⁶⁴ or 0 < N < 10¹⁶

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BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0562

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0563

Automatic built-in subroutines Square Root Radix Conversion Transmit Swap Automatic Subroutine-entry codes Automatic priority processing through interruption system Multiply and Add operation for both floating point and integer arithmetic Automatic coding STRAP I 704-709-7090 Simulator STRAP II 704-709 Simulation SMAC (MACRO Generator) SMCP (master control program) FORTRAN Registers and B-boxes 16 index registers 20 addressable special registers Special addressable registers include: Interval timer Function through interrupt Elapsed Time clock system to provide elapsed time and time of day indication. Interruption address - Base address of interrupt system fix-ups routines. Upper Boundary Enable protection of areas of Lower Boundary main core store to facilitate Boundary control bit multiprogramming ability. Maintenance bits Channel Address Other CPU Left Zeros count All ones count Left half of accumulator Right half of accumulator Accumulator Sign Indicators Set by interrupt system or Mask programmer to provide flex- Remainder ibility in interrupt hand- Factor ling. Transmit A variety of modifiers apply to different instruction classes and lead to a total of 2,975 individual operations e.g., there are two transmit instructions, TRANSMIT and SWAP. Two modifiers, count forwards or backwards, and immediate or direct address of count value, give a total of 8 transmit orders. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add N/A-Overlapped 1.38 to 1.50 Mult N/A-Overlapped 2.48 to 2.70 Div N/A-Overlapped 9.00 to 9.90 Timing given for floating point. Precise time unknown. Design incomplete. Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors Approx 200,000 for complete system Magnetic Cores Special index core storage and exchange memory Arithmetic mode Serial and parallel Index arithmetic unit, 24 bits in parallel; Parallel 48 or 96 bit arithmetic for floating point; Serial binary or decimal integer arithmetic (1 to 8 bits in parallel). Note that instructions address words, fields, or bits for arithmetic operations. Timing Asynchronous System is asynchronous for input-output devices, central processing unit operation, including instruc- tion preparation, memory operation and execution. Operation Concurrent Additional Features of Operation: The high degree of overlapped and asynchronous operation, together with two new devices, the instruction processor and look-ahead, not only permit concurrent operation of input- output and external storage devices with the central processing unit, but also several operations are carried on concurrently within the CPU, i.e., instructions and data may be fetched simultaneously from core storage while other instructions are being prepared for processing and while previously prepared instructions are being executed. STORAGE No. of No. of Media Words Dec/Digits Microsec Magnetic Core 16,384 to 262,144 to 0.5 to 262,144 4,194,304 2.18 Magnetic Disk 2,097,152 to 33,554,432 to 0 - 67,l08,864 1,073,741,824 215,000 Magnetic core storage unit modules may each opera- te independently and simultaneously due to an inter- leaving of addresses within the modules and the op- eration of the instruction processor and look-ahead. With as many as four modules each of which may be referenced simultaneously, an effective core storage cycle of 1/2 microsecond may be realized for data and similarly with six modules, two for instructions and four for data permit up to 2,000,000 instructions and 2,000,000 data words to be referenced each second, giving an effective storage cycle of 1/2 microseconds for both instructions and data. Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 256 Units No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 6 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 3/4 Inches Tape speed 112.5 Inches/sec Transfer rate 22,500 or 62,500 Chars/sec Start time 7.3 Millisec Stop time 7.3 Millisec Physical properties of tape Width 1/2 Inches Length of reel 2,400 Feet Composition Mylar INPUT Media Speed Punched Cards 1,000 cards/min Multiple card readers may be included in the system operating simultaneously. Magnetic Tapes (8 per 62,500 char/sec channel) Up to 8 magnetic tape units may be in simultaneous operation (one per channel). Typewriter, Keys Switches Manual Keyboard, switches, and keys are part of operator's console which functions like I/0 devices. Multiple consoles may be attached for simultaneous operation. Input-output devices are all controlled by the exchange, an asynchronously and concurrently operating component of the system. The exchange may have from 8 to 32 channels, each of which permits the simultaneous operation of its input-output device through

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0564

appropriate control units. OUTPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tapes (8 per channel) 62,500 char/sec Punched Cards 250 cards/min High Speed Printer 600 lines/min Typewriter, direct digital display, lights CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Solid state construction used throughout. Tubes None CHECKING FEATURES Checking features include single error correction and double error detection on all information transfers between core storage and the central processing unit, disk synchronizer and exchange, parity checking within the CPU and also in all I/0 units, and residue checking of all arithmetic operations in parallel arithmetic unit. Connective operations including automatic tests and counts allow facile programmed testing of data in the system with various parity and checking features contained within the data. A unique error scanning and recording device automatically records the entire machine state, should malfunction occur. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 100 Kw 110 KVA 0.9 pf Power, air conditioner 75 Kw 94 KVA 0.8 pf Volume, air conditioner 5,400 cu ft Area, air conditioner 600 sq ft Room size, computer 2,500 sq ft Room size, air conditioner 600 sq ft with cooling tower Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft 1,000 lbs concen max Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons Weight, computer 70,000 lbs Figures are for "average" system. Temperature and humidity requirement with machine power on is 50-80OF and 20% to 80%n, relative. Cooling air will, in general, be furnished through plenum chambers under false floor. Power service requirements include 400 cycle, 208 volts, 3 phase, 5 wire (This 400 cycle power may be derived from a motor generator set supplied by the customer. A five wire service should be provided consisting of three phase conductors, one neutral conductor and one equipment ground. Each phase conductor should be sized to carry 300 amperes). 60 cycles, 208 volts, 3 phase, 5 wire (This 60 cycle power should be obtained from a balanced 208 volts, 3 phase source. Should an MG be used to supply the 400 cycle power, the same 60 cycle source may be used. A five wire service should be provided consisting of three phase conductors, one neutral conductor and one equipment ground, each phase conductor should be sized to carry 210 amperes). PRODUCTION RECORD Delivery on contract basis RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY Solid state construction is used throughout. Automatic error checking and correction and automatic maintenance scanning and recording facilitates troubleshooting. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include simultaneous operation, high speed of auxiliary storage and high speed of indexing and floating point operations. Unique system advantages include an ability to run and interrupt several programs simultaneously. FUTURE PLANS The exchange and central processing unit provide an adequate set of commands control lines, and data paths to permit the attachment of many types of input output devices. Future I/0 devices can be designed for direct attachment to the exchange without requiring alterations of the exchange or central processing unit. INSTALLATIONS University of California Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico

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BRL 1961, ILLIAC, start page 0566

ILLIAC

Illinois Automatic Computer MANUFACTURER University of Illinois Illiac Photo by University of Illinois APPLICATIONS The following typical use was made of the ILLIAC during September 1959: Use by Departments Hrs:Min Classes :24 Agricultural Economics 2:36 Aeronautical Engineering 1:34 Agronomy 20:43 Marketing :13 Animal Science 8:09 Astronomy (Nonr 1834(22)) :42 Astronomy (NSFG 5512) :10 Bureau of Educational Research 28:30 U. S. Navy (9840-0383) :59 Veterinary Medicine (MD 728 Off. Surg. Gen.) :32 Veterinary Medicine (E 2087) :14 Veterinary Medicine (Exp. Sta. 70-316) :06 Chemistry 85:49 College of Medicine :04 Coordinated Sciences Laboratory 52:53 Botany - Eastern Illinois University :41 Electrical Engineering (NSFY 32-40-266) 10:35 Electrical Engineering (NSFG 7421) 1:31 Hrs:Min Electrical Engineering (AF 6079) 1:02 Electrical Engineering 1:44 Education 2:57 Economics (NSFG 7056) 6:21 Economics :27 Digital Computer Laboratory (Task 27) 14:09 Digital Computer Laboratory (AEC-AT(11-1) 2:00 415) Digital Computer Laboratory :04 I. R. E. C. :07 Physics (Nonr 1834(12)) :57 Physics (AF 662(46-22-55-302)) :12 Physics 7:47 Music :05 Stanford Research Center (Nonr 2778(100)) 3:14 Psychology (AF 49(638)371) 7:50 Psychology P. H. 1715) 11:49 Psychology (ONR 1834(11)) :26 Psychology 24:24 Sociology (Ford Found. 44-32-69-329) :38 Sociology 2:31 Structural Research (AF 464) 3:39 Structural Research (A. A.S.H.O. Road Test) 1:52 Structural Research (NSF 6572) 3:05 Structural Research (Hwy. Brdg. 47-22-20- 6:58 307)

BRL 1961, ILLIAC, start page 0567

Hrs:Min Structural Research 26:28 Theor. and Applied Mechanics (ORD 593) :17 Theor. and Applied Mechanics 2:06 State Water Survey (SC 75055) 3:22 State Water Survey :26 Institute of Communications Research 1:07 (FE 9067C) Mechanical Engineering (Martin Co.) 2:00 Mechanical Engineering 4:10 Mining and Metallurgical Engineering :08 (AF 3789) Mining and Metallurgical Engineering 3:10 zoology 7:14 Mathematics 2:36 Michigan State University 2:19 Physical Education :09 ------ 382:39 PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits per word 40 Binary digits per instruction 20 Instructions per word 2 Instructions decoded 112 Instructions used 62 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address Number range -1 to 1 - 2^-39 The 20 digits (Half of a word) for the instruction are divided so as to utilize 8 digits for the instruction type (command digits), 10 digits for the address, and 2 digits are unused spares. ARITHMETIC UNIT Inc. Stor. Excl. Stor. Access Access Microsec Microsec Add time 93 40 Mult time 665 - 865 620 - 820 Div time 950 900 Construction Vacuum tubes Rapid access word registers 6 Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Asynchronous Operation Sequential The figures for operation time including storage access include the access time for the operand and pro-rated access for the instruction. STORAGE Microsec Media Words Digits Access Electrostatic (CRT) 1,024 40,960 18 to 36 Magnetic Drum 12,800 512,000 1,280 to 16,900 Instructions for drum access require 40 binary digits with 14 binary digit addresses. This address specifies the location of the word desired. Subroutines are employed for block transfers between drum and electrostatic storage. INPUT Media Speed Punched Paper Tape 300 char/sec Five hole teletype tape is used. Numerical data is read with a 4-hole code. Alphanumerical data employs a 5-hole code and a special instruction. OUTPUT Media Speed Punched Paper Tape 60 char/sec Page Printer 10 char/sec Cathode Ray Tube 500 points/sec A teletype BRPE Punch is used. The CRT has a 256 x 256 raster. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Tubes 4,427 Tube types 27 Separate cabinets 4 Above figures exclude power supplies. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 27.2 KW Power, air conditioner 7.0 KW Space, computer 700 cu ft. 100 sq ft. Weight, computer 4,000 lbs. Capacity, air conditioner 10 Tons PRODUCTION RECORD Produced 4 Copies at Mich State University, Iowa State University, and University of Sidney Operating 4 COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Approximate cost of basic system $300,000 Approximate cost of additional equipment 200,000 (Estimated) PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Tech and Daily Operation Engineers Operators 3-8 Hour shifts 4 3 RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY Error Frequency and Analysis The ILLIAC is normally used for "engineering" and maintenance between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., and for a check of its performance between 5:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m, of each weekday. Since the periods between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m. together with certain irregular periods, such as Saturdays and Sundays,

BRL 1961, ILLIAC, start page 0563

are devoted to a heterogeneous group of engineering, maintenance and laboratory functions, it is more instructive for an error standpoint to look at the periods between 10 a.m. and 7 a.m. of the next day in order to make an observation of the error frequency in the machine. This is the actual period when the machine is designated for use, although certain engineering procedures frequently require the scheduling of extra maintenance time. With this in mind a summary table has been prepared, using the period between 10 a.m. and 7 a.m. of the next day. This table lists the running time when the machine was operating, the amount of time devoted to routine engineering, the amount of time devoted to repairs because of breakdowns, and the number of failures while the machine was listed as running. During the 5:30 - 6:30 period (when the machine is checked, if no errors are to be found, the time is given to the "running column". Each failure was considered to have terminated a running period and was followed by a repair period in preparing this table. Since the leapfrog code is our most significant machine test, the length of time which it has been used on the machine is listed separately together with the number of errors associated with that particular code. This information for the month is presented in Table II. It is important to notice that, except during scheduled engineering periods, any interruption of machine time that was not planned is considered a failure in this table. In rare cases, where the failure is not known until a later time, it is possible that no repair period is associated with the failure. This overall system has been adopted because it makes it possible for a machine user to estimate directly the probability that the machine will be "running" any instant of time and the probability of a failure during any given interval of running time. The following table presents a typical summary of errors or interruptions for June 1959: Source of Error Quantity of Errors Control 2 Arithmetic 1 Memory 3 Drum 13 Reader 3 Punch 3 Unknown 7 Input-Output 1 Run-over from Sched. Main. _1 Total Errors 34 The following table shows the distribution of ILLIAC machine time for the month of September 1959: Hrs: Min Regular Maintenance 84:00 Unscheduled Maintenance 22:13 Drum Engineering 21:06 R. A. R. :11 Leapfrog 16:18 Library Development 3:04 ------ 146:52 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS New ILLIAC Codes During the month of September two new routines were added to the ILLIAC Auxiliary Library. Aux. P21-268 Data Plotter Output Converter II. Under the control of parameters this routine will convert a data tape output by the standard ILLIAC printing routines into a tape suitable for input to the data plotter. Aux. X15-269 Maximum Speed Sexadecimal Input Preparation for Magnetic Drum and/or Williams Memory. This routine permits loading of the drum and/or Williams memory from the reader at maximum speed. Any information previously assembled on the drum or in the Williams memory is punched out in sexa-decimal form in such a manner that the tape (provided with its own bootstrap) can be read in and sum checked at some later time. ILLIAC Usage During the month of September specifications were presented for 17 new specifications. This list does not indicate how the ILLIAC was used because large amounts of machine time may have been consumed by problems with numbers less than 1488T. Numbers followed by T axe for theses. 1488 T Sociology. Patterns of Inmate Response. The problem is to group questions (55) in terms of common differentiation of 556 subjects. What are some of the common patterns of responses? Which questions can be grouped together? A pattern analysis is used (KSL 294 in which the usual order of persons and responses is reversed. 1489 T Sociology. Subject Similarities. The problem is to group inmates in terms of how they answer questions about prison life and themselves. A pattern analysis is used in the standard way on each of two subsamples of 50 subjects. Two subsamples are used: 1. To investigate the reliability of the patterns obtained. 2. To compare samples from two different prisons on differences and similarities in patterns of response. 1490 Civil Engineering. Thermal Stresses in Elastic Shells. This is to solve the problem of an elastic shell subject to the transient tempera- ture input associated with high velocity motion through an atmosphere of variable density, although any temperature history input could be used. Two kinds ofthin shells are being studied; spherical dome shells and conical shells. The significance of this analysis lies in the possibility of treating shells under either applied loads or temperature variations by one unified approach.

BRL 1961, ILLIAC, start page 0569

The method of solution is a finite difference approach, applied successively as time is increased incrementally. 1491 T Economics. Analysis of the Demand for Coffee. The problem consists of estimating price and income elasticities of the demand for coffee in the United States. Yearly data on the coffee demand, prices, stocks, and imports to the United States will be used. For the estimation of the demand equation a limited estimate will be used. No other than standard library routines are involved. 1492 Mechanical Engineering. Nozzle Design for 4" x 4" Blow Down Tunnel. It is intended to design a pair of nozzle blocks for the blow down tunnel in Aerodynamics Laboratory B. The supersonic nozzle profile will be first calculated by the method of characteristics and then corrected for the bound- ary layer growth along the nozzle. The complicated step-by-step calculations and iterations can easily be handled by ILLIAC. The fundamental net calculation has been developed under Problem No. 866 and the general boundary layer calculation has also been developed under Problem No. 1189. It is hoped to adapt and modify the codes from Problem Numbers 866 and 1189 so that the final nozzle profile for a certain supersonic test Mach number can be produced. 1493 Botany - Eastern Illinois University. Analysisof Tree Growth. This is a continuation of an earlier problem, Problem No. 1267, in which daily tree growth measurements are analyzed using the standard program, K 16. The best fitting equa- tion forpredicting daily growth is being obtained by attempting multiple correlation using different combinations of factors on different species of trees and for different periods of the season. Part of this newly submitted data are measurements of growth occurring before leaf enlargement during 1958 and 1959, a period which differs markedly from the later growing season. Part of the data are yearly growth ring measurements from 1901-1951. These are to be analyzed in terms of values ascertained from monthly weather bureau records. This second approach using yearly rather than daily growth measurements was conceived because of an evident influence of the previous season upon the growth of trees. It is hoped that by combining an analysis of daily growth during a given year with an analysis of seasonal growth during a number of years it will be possible to evaluate both the immediate and long-range effects of our weather upon tree growth. 1494 Psychology. Situation-Response Analysis of Anxiety Behavior. This study differs from other studies of anxiety, even though it is based on an inventory, because both situations and responses are specified in the structure of the inventory. Four groups of subjects, a total of 348, were presented with thedescription of some situation and asked to say whether and to what degree he would show each of a sample of emotional responses. The K-8 routine is to be used to compute Product Moment Correlations, Means and Standard Deviations for each of the responses for the four groups. A factor analysis for each of the groups is to be computed using KSL-1.90 on the Correlation Matrices. 1495 Animal Science. Potassium Requirement for Baby Pigs. This research is intended to ascertain the amount of potassium required for optimal growth by thebaby pig. The mathematical method is the method of least squares. 1496 T Veterinary Medicine and Physiology. Strontium and Calcium Metabolism. The replacement of calcium in the diet of young pigs by strontium is being compared to controls receiving calcium, negative controls receiving neither calcium nor strontium, and pigs receiving both ions. ILLIAC is being used to analyze the variance between the treatment groups for the various criterions used, i.e. weight gain, bone calcium, bone strontium, etc. 1497 Agricultural Economics. A Game Theoretic Model for Cattle Feeding. The feeder cattle enter- prise is viewed as a game against nature with natures choices assumed to be restricted to the price-cost situations generated in the last ten years. The farmer's choices consist of six differ- ent feeding systems (or linear combinations of these). Four different situations are considered; 1. Payoff matrix in terms of returns per $100 feed fed. a. Maximize the minimum return. b. Minimize the maximum loss or "regret". 2. Payoff matrix in terms of returns per animal. a. Maximize the minimum return. b. Minimize the maximum loss or "regret": Thisproblem may be set up as a linear programming problem with straightforward use of the library routine M15-183. INSTALLATIONS Digital Computer Laboratory 168 Engineering Research Laboratories University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois (ILLIAC) University of Sidney Sidney, Australia (SILLIAC) Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts Ames, Iowa (CYCLONE) Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan (MISTIC) The ILLIAC is a member of the family of machines orginally designed and constructed by the Institute for Advanced Study.

BRL 1961, INTELEX AIRLINE RESERVATION, start page 0570

INTELEX AIRLINE RESERVATION

Intelex Airline Reservation Computer MANUFACTURER Intelex Systems, Incorporated Associate of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation APPLICATIONS System is designed for the solution of seat reservation and associated problems. It is a special purpose computer designed to solve the problems of data re-arrangement and retrieval. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Coded Decimal Decimal digits/word 10 Decimal digits/instruction 10 Instructions per word One Instructions decoded 56 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address Instruction word format +-----------+--------+--------+----------+----------+ | n n n n | I | J | L R | 0 P | +-----------+--------+--------+----------+----------+ | Operand |Index |Index | Field | Instruc- | | Address | Reg |where | Defini- | tion No. | | | No. |Operand | tion | | | | |Address | | | | | |may be | | | | | |stored | | | +-----------+--------+--------+----------+----------+ Registers include one 10-character accumulator register with associated field definition register, and nine 4-digit index registers. There are indirect addressing and add/subtract from memory instructions. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add 50 - 140 40 - 130 Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential STORAGE No. of Access Media No. of Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Core 2000 to 10,000 20,000 to 10 100,000 Drums 12,800 128,000 0 to 20,00 Tape Bin 142,800 words/tape 1,428,000 0 to 20x10⁶ dig/tape 10 tapes/bin 10 tapes/bin Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 48 Units No. of chars/linear inch of tape 508 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 16 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.63 Inches Tape speed 100 Inches/sec Transfer rate 50,800 Chars/sec Start time 6 Millisec Stop time 6 Millisec Physical properties of tape Width 1 Inch Length of reel 3,000 Feet INPUT Media Paper Tape Telegraph OUTPUT Media Speed Printer 600-900 lines/min Paper Tape Punch Teleprinter PRODUCTION RECORD Number on order 2 Time required for delivery 24 months PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Training made available by the manufacturer to users include training in programming. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS The tape system will do independent off-line searching. Drums contain address and data channels. Data may be assigned random address which are later used to search for the data. Unique system advantages include rapid access to large volumes of random- stored data. On drums, direct addressing is possible without constant rearrangement for changing data. Searches may be done for any information contained on tape without regard to the arrangement of data within a particular tape.

BRL 1961, INTELEX AIRLINE RESERVATION, start page 0571

BRL 1961, ITT BANK LN PROC, start page 0572

ITT BANK LN PROC ITT Laboratories Bank Loan Processor, MANUFACTURER ITT Laboratories 500 Washington Avenue Nutley 10, New Jersey Photo by ITT Laboratories, Nutley Construction and daily maintenance of magnetic tape file for personal loan operation of third largest U. S. bank, processing of daily inputs and answering of inquiries to this file, print-out of all customer mailings and of numerous internal reports. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary coded decimal Decimal digits/word 12 + sign Decimal digits/instruction 12 Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 85 Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction typeOne address (Modified) Modified single address (Alpha and Delta, i.e., operand and next instruction address) Number range -10¹³ < x < +10¹³ Instruction word format +--------+----+----+----+-+-+-+----+----+---+---+---+----+ | and | 1 | 2 | 3 | | | | 7 | 8 | | | | 12 | | check | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+----+----+----+-+-+-+----+----+---+---+---+----+ | | OP CODE | DELTA | OPERAND | | | | Next | (or alternate next | | | | Instr. | instruction or | | | | | special) | +--------+---------+---------------+---------------------+ Automatic built-in subroutines include a sort command, a sequence command, and. a merge command. Automatic coding includes SCP, a Symbolic Conversion Program (One- to-One Compiler for Symbolic Address and Op Codes), and MARK II, a utility system. Registers and B-boxes include a high and low accumulator, a distributor, an in-out register, and an instruction register. The system is designed for operating both off-line and on-line, and at the same time. It can simultaneously compute, read tape, write tape, search on several tapes, print (on-or off-line), and answer inquiries.

BRL 1961, ITT BANK LN PROC, start page 0573

ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add 170 170 Mult 680-10,710 680-10,710 Div Programmed Construction(Arithmetic unit only) Vacuum tubes 0 0 Transistors 1,000 3,000 Condenser-diodes 3,000 10,000 Magnetic cores - 5,000 The figures are for the arithmetic unit only, excluding the control.The number of cores includes storage and central control. Arithmetic mode Parallel-Serial Timing Synchronous "Synchronous" refers to internal logic circuits; however, operation of central section is simultaneous with various in-out operations, the latter proceeding asynchronously with the former. Operation Bits of a digit in parallel Digits of a word sequential STORAGE No. of No. of Access Media Words Dec Digits Microsec Magnetic Tape 22 x 10⁶ 264 x 10⁶ 20,000,000 Magnetic Drum 10,000 120,000 9,000 Magnetic Core 100 1,200 6 Core Buffers 300 3,600 12 No. of units that can be connected 108 Units No. of char/linear inch of tape 300 Char/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 22 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.03 Inches Tape speed 100 Inches/sec Transfer rate 30,000 Char/sec Start time 2 Millisec Stop time 2 Millisec Average time for experienced No reels (bin type) operator to change reel Tape exchange is 60 sec.) Physical properties of tape Width 1 Inch Length of tape in bin 450 Feet Composition Mylar sandwich The 108 units is an arbitrary design goal, not an actual limitation. The 0.03 inch inter-record gap is an interleaved recording. The opposite- direction record serves as a gap. INPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape (ITTL Bin Transports 30,000 dig/sec Paper Tape (Potter 907) 600 char/sec Paper Tape (Flex, Reader) 10 char/sec Keyboard (Flex,, Inquiry) Manual OUTPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape (ITTL Bin Transports) 30,000 dig/sec High Speed Printer (Shepard w/ITTL 20 lines/sec Electronics) Typewriter (Flexowriter)10 char/sec Punched Tape (Flex, Punch)10 char/sec CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Tubes 0 Diodes 30,000 Transistors 10,000 Magnetic Cores 22,000 Some tubes in drum system and P.S., being replaced by transistorized drum system. CHECKING FEATURES Sign redundancy. Mod 3 check in several places (arithmetic, bus, output, tape). Parity check on punched tapes and printer data. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 6 Kw Volume, computer 400 cu ft Area, computer 80 sq ft Room size, computer 900 sq ft Floor loading 75 lbs/sq ft 800 lbs concen max Weight, computer 4,000 lbs Site preparations include a separate power main, a regulator, and floor ducts. Area air conditioning only. PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 1 Time required for delivery 18 months Special custom system, using stored program computer. Some elements of the system have been produced for other uses (e.g. tapes). COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES The computer, drum printer system, tape system (18 Transports) rents at $17,000 to $20,000/month. 36 additional tape transports, and 7 in uiry channels rents at an additional,$10,000 to $15,OOO/month. Maintenance is contracted to Federal Electric Company at about $6,000/month. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Shift Shifts Shifts U R R U R Supervisors 4 2 2 Analysts 2 1 1 Programmer 4 3 4 Coders 2 1 Clerks 14 14 28 Operators 1 1 2 3 Engineers 2 1 2 3 3 Technicians 2 1 2 3 3 Operation tends toward closed shop. Method of training used is by training courses. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY Time is not available for rent to outside organizations. System is under acceptance test. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include transistorization, large processing capacity at medium speed, will maintain 600,000 loans up-to- date daily, about 109 bits of data accessible at all times, inquiries answered in less than 20 seconds each, at rate of 20 per minute and simultaneous operation of 12 tape functions, com puter processing, and printing. Additional system advantages are that it combines on-line processing and off-line processing by the same equipment. A large data file is in ready access. Commercial information is available through Intelex Systems, Inc. (An ITT Associate) 67 Broad Street New York, N. Y. FUTURE PLANS Further applications of this and related hardware to banks, reservations, credit cards, and other commercial and government systems.

BRL 1961, ITT SPES 025, start page 0574

ITT SPES 025

ITT Laboratories Stored Program Element System 025 MANUFACTURER ITT Laboratories 500 Washington Avenue Nutley 10, N. J. APPLICATIONS Located at 54 S, U. S. Route 17, Paramus, New Jersey, the SPESS provides automated message handling on a store and forward basis. It employs a multisequential stored program computer to handle both routine and complex tasks connected with the message center activity, including standard data processing operations. In this application, the SPES also communicates directly with a large high-speed computer. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 33 Binary digits/instruction 32 plus parity Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 43 Arithmetic system Fixed point One's complement system of arithmetic is used. Instruction type One address Number range -(2³¹- 1) to +(2³¹- 1) Instruction word format +-----------+----------+-------+-------------+----------------+ | Interrupt | Variation| Opera-| Main Memory | Character | | | | tion | Address | Address | +-----------+----------+-------+-------------+----------------+ | 0 1 | 2 7 | 8 13 | 14 29 | 30 31 | +-----------+----------+-------+-------------+----------------+ Automatic coding includes a symbolic compiler. Registers and B-boxes include an accumulator, arithmetic unit buffer, instruction register, 18 other registers, 256 index registers (special "Index" core memory), and 256 program counters (special "Program" core memory). Each of four sense instructions can sense 128 devices. Each of two register transfer instructions can address 11 registers. Most instructions are indexable and repeatable. Most instructions will operate on full words or on one character. (There are 4 character's per word). Computer also has a multisequence feature whereby it will interleave the operation of 256 different programs automatically under control of the instructions' interrupt portion. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add 16 3 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors 2,100 Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Asynchronous Operation Sequential STORAGE No. of Access Media No. of Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Tape 24,000,000 33 bits/word 3,000,000 Magnetic Drum 65,536 33 bits/word 8,000 Magnetic Cores 16,384 33 bits/word 8 Magnetic Cores 256 19 bits/word 6 Magnetic Cores 256 17 bits/word 6 Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 16 Units No. of char/linear inch of tape 200 Char/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 75 Inches/sec Transfer rate 15,000 Char/sec Start time 3 Millisec Stop time 3 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 2,400 Feet Composition Plastic INPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape (Potter 906) 15,000 char/sec Phone Lines 600 char/sec max Punch Cards (IBM 711) 250 cards/min Computer to Computer 260,000 char/sec 1 word = 4 characters = 32 bits 1 card = 24 words OUTPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape 15,000 char/sec Phone Lines 600 char/sec Punch Cards (IBM 721) l00 cards/min High Speed Printer (Burroughs 5 lines/sec 301) 300 char/sec Computer to Computer 260,000 char/sec Display 260,000 char/sec CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Quantity Diodes 50,000 Transistors 51,000 Magnetic Cores 600,000 CHECKING FEATURES Parity on check at buffer on all memories, instruction register, and at buffers to all input-output units. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 30 Kw Power, air conditioner 32 Kw Volume, computer 1,000 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 1,000 cu ft Area, computer 150 sq ft Area, air conditioner 100 sq ft Room size, computer 1,500 sq ft Room size, air conditioner 400 sq ft Floor loading 250 lbs/sq ft 1,250 lbs concen max Weight, computer 30,000 lbs Site preparation includes false flooring (cable and air ducting, separate power mains and distribution boards. PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 1 Number in current operation 1 Number in current production 8 Number on order 10 Time required for delivery12 - 18 months COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Basic System Computer $500,000 Communications Section $500,000 Additional Equipment Drums (4), tapes (2), printer, punch, reader, with control $750,000. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Operation tends toward closed shop. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY System tests are in progress. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include multi-sequence operation, permitting up to 256 different programs to run concurrently; built-in executive control; hardware performing jumps in and out of sequences without time loss or programming complication, indexed repeat option; word and character modes; tape and drum transfers to and from core memory under external control; built-in performance monitor sequence; and fully transistorized plug-in construction. Unique system advantages include on-line operation of up to 256 input- output channels and especially suited as communications message handling center. FUTURE PLANS Production for a quantity of duplexed systems being set up under contract, for application in a global message switching network. Further applications in other areas under planning, such as reservations systems and mail order houses. Adaptation to variety of communications, data processing, and combined communications and data processing systems. INSTALLATIONS ITT Laboratories 54 S U. S. Route 17 Paramus, New Jersey

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