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BRL 1961, LEEDS NORTHRUP 3000, start page 0580
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LEEDS NORTHRUP 3000
MANUFACTURER
Leeds and Northrup Computer 3000 Leeds and Northrup Company
Photo by Leeds and Northrup Company
APPLICATIONS
System is used for industrial process control.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 20 + sign bit + parity bit
Binary digits/instruction 6 bits
Instructions per word 1 or 1/2, if 1 + 1 mode
Instructions decoded 16 Basic Up to 64 by use
of modifiers
Arithmetic system Fixed point at extreme left
Instruction type One address or 1 + 1 by
means of programming
Number range -1 < n < +1
Instruction word format
+-----------+----------+--------+---------+------------+
| 1 8 | 9 14 |15 16 | 17 20 | 21 |
+-----------+----------+--------+---------+------------+
| Track | Sector |Modi- |Instruc- | Type: |
| Address |Address |fier | tion | Single |
|(000-25510)|(000-06310)| | | or 1 + 1 |
+-----------+----------+--------+---------+------------+
Automatic built-in subroutines include square root.
Programing is done in simple pseudo-code with rel-
ative addressing facility.
BRL 1961, LEEDS NORTHRUP 3000, start page 0581
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ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 910 130
mat 3,600 2,730
Div 3,600 2,730
Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
No. of Access
Medium Words No. of Digits Microsec
Magnetic Drum 16,260 357,720 bits Min. - 130
max. - 16,64
INPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape 10 char ec (Flexowriter)
Analog to Dig Con 5 point sec (10,000 count ADC)
External counters50/sec (For integrated measure-
ments, e.g. KWH
Direct binary inputs 400-600/sec (For reading digital dial and On-Off
status of external equipment)
Being a control computer, the design emphasis is
on direct inputs from the process under control or
analysis.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Typewriters 10 char/sec
Flexowriter, punch, IBM electric.
Digital to Analog Con6/sec
Stepping motors are used for DAC
On-Off controls 50/sec
Control state of external equipment.
Annunciator lights 100/sec
Stepping motors are used for digital to analog conversion, because
they have inherent memory.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Diodes 3,000
Transistors1,300
CHECKING FEATURES
Parity bit in each word checks all transfers from drum memory.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.60 Kw 0.65 KVA 0.925 Pf
Volume, computer 25 cu ft
Area, computer 9 sq ft
Room size 6 x 12 ft
Weight, computer 400 lbs
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
System features and construction techniques utilized by the manufacturer
to insure required reliability include parity checks, solid state, plug-in
components, rugged construction, and extensive checks on input-output
equipment.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Outstanding features include powerful command structure, rapid access
registers, and memory parity check. Unique system advantages include
extensive checks on input-output equipment.
BRL 1961, LEPRECHAUN, start page 0582
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LEPRECHAUN
TRADIC Second Feasibility Computer, LEPRECHAUN
MANUFACTURER
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
Photo by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
APPLICATIONS
The system was built under a U. S. Air Force contract for programming and
logical design research on digital computers for military real-time control
applications and as a feasibility model of a directcoupled transistor logic
system and a transistor driven magnetic core storage unit. This solid-state
computer features low power and small size. The design emphasizes reliability.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 17, including sign
Binary digits/instruction 17, including two spare bits
Instructions/word 1
Instructions decoded 32
Instructions used 28
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One address
Number range -1 < n < 1
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access
Microsec
Add 40
Mult 375 avg
Div 520
Construction Transistors
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Asynchronous
Operation Concurrent
BRL 1961, LEPRECHAUN, start page 0583
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STORAGE
Medium Words Access Microsec
Magnetic Cores 1,024 8
There are 18 bits/word stored, including an "odd" parity bit. The read-write
cycle is 20 microseconds.
INPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape (Photoelectric)200 char/sec
Keyboard Manual
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape (Punch)60 char/sec
Typewriter 10 char/sec
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Crystal diodes 300
Magnetic cores 18,480
Transistors 5,000
The above figures are for the computer proper, and do not include input-
output equipment.
CHECKING FEATURES
Odd parity checks on storage and input-output operations.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.160 Kw
Volume, computer 16 cu ft
Weight, computer 450 lbs
Figures are for computer proper and do not include input-output
equipment.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced 1
Number in operation 1
This system is a feasibility model and was not designed for
production.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
This system has been completed.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
LEPRECHAUN features flexibility in the logical interconnections in order
to make it useful for logical design research. The operation code has been
designed to eliminate the need for many "redtape" operations. For example, a
special unconditional jump operation simplifies the inclusion of subroutines
in a program. Address modification is accomplished by direct substitution.
This operation, together with a repeat operation, which operates on sequential
addresses, gives operation equivalent to a B-box.
The machine contains a manual breakpoint provision, several checking
modes of operation and complete marginal checking facilities.
INSTALLATIONS
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Whippany, New
Jersey
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0584
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LGP 30
Librascope General Purpose Computer Model 30
MANUFACTURER
Royal McBee Corporation
Librascope, Incorporated
Photo by Flight Simulation Laboratory, WSMR, N. M.
APPLICATIONS
Manufacturer System is designed for scientific computations, e.g.
statistical analysis, operations research, war gaming, bridge and highway
design, aeronautical, chemical, electronic, hydraulic, mechanical, mining,
nuclear, optical, biological, physical and mathematical research; and data
processing, e.g. payroll; cost accounting, distribution and analysis; inventory
control; sales analysis.
ADDS Committee, Officers' Dept., USASCS, Ft. Monmouth System is located in
Myer Hall, Room G05, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. System is used for
instruction.
Materials Research Laboratory, Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Massachusetts
Located at Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Massachusetts, system is used for
numerical integration, least squares curve-fitting, data processing, finite
differences, numerical solution of differential equations, algebraic equations
(minimization, etc.), and trial and error solution of equations.
U. S. A. Watertown Arsenal laboratories Located in Building 39,
Watertown Arsenal, computer
is used for matrix inversion, numerical integrations of definite integrals and
differential equations, diagonalization of matrices, solution of transcendental
equations, arising from problems in solid state physics, elasticity, and elastic
instability, and thin shell theory.
White Sands Missile Range Located at the Flight Simulation
Laboratory, Building 1526, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, the
system is used for small problems, mathematical research, and preliminary
checkout for problems to be run on large computers.
Pitman-Dunn Laboratories, Frank ford Arsenal Located at Building
202, 3rd Floor, Optical Branch, Fire Control Division, system is used for
design of optical systems and components for fire control instruments and
related activities.
U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office Located at FOB No. 3, Room G274B,
the system is used for mathematical and statistical studies made of the various
parameters of the ocean, primarily in connection with anti-submarine warfare
but also in connection with ice forecasting and climatology.
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0585
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Photo by Tennessee Valley Authority
U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena Located at 3202 E.
Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, California, system is used for scientific analysis
and data reduction.
NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center One LGP 30 at the Control
Center, Greenbelt, Md. and two LGP 30's at Anacostia Naval Station, Wash.,
D.C., are used for orbital calculations, trajectory analysis, data reduction, and
mathematical studies. The organization is responsible for the provision of
equipment and services for tracking satellites and probes in nearby portions of
space, for obtaining telemetry data from these satellites and probes, and for
computing their orbits and providing station predictions, ephemerides and
definitive orbits as required by all participating organizations.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Flood Control Branch Located at the TVA,
718 Union Building, Knoxville, Tennessee, system is used for principally
hydrologic and hydraulic computations for watersheds, streams, and
reservoirs. Limited use in design computations.
Aircraft Armaments, Inc. Located at the Systems Engineering
Department, Main Engineering Building, system is used for mathematical
solutions for research and advanced engineering problems involving
differential equations, simultaneous equations (both linear and differential),
numerical integrations, nth degree polynomials, exponentials, and trigonometric
functions. Some of the applied engineering problems have been concerned
with interior and exterior ballistics, trajectories (projectile and rocket sled),
probability studies, stress and weight analyses, etc.
ACF Electronics Division Located at 11 Park Place, Paramus, New
Jersey, system is used for optical design (ray tracing), vibration studies
(railroad train coupling), integral transforms (Fourier Analysis), navigation,
satellite and missile trajectories, reliability studies, reticle design, and
miscellaneous "One Time" problems.
Convair-Fort Worth, General Dynamics Corp. Located at
Engineering Flight Test, system is used for editing and calibration of flight
test data.
General Electric-Missile and Space Vehicle Dept. Located at 3198 Chestnut
Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa., system is used for solution of equations in flight test
data reduction; engineering computations, including aerodynamics, flight
mechanics, space science, mechanics problems, and trajectory analysis.
The Griscom-Russell Company Located at Massillon, Ohio, two
systems are used for functional design of heat exchangers and general
engineering calculations.
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0586
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Photo by Aircraft Armaments, Inc.
Mutual Insurance Advisory Association Located at 111
Fourth Avenue, New York 3, New York, system is used for
actuarial and statistical work in connection with casualty
insurance ratemaking. This type of work involves relatively
small input used for numerous algebraic calculations.
Raytheon Company-Missile Systems Division Located in
the Aerophysics Design Department, system is used to obtain
solutions to scientific problems in the fields of aerodynamics,
structures, and system analysis, which would not be economical
on larger systems.
Research Division, Servomechanisms, Inc. Located in
Building 114, Santa Barbara Airport, system is used for the
mathematical simulation of proposed engineering designs;
calculation of special functions arising in particular engineering
tasks; laboratory data reduction; and solution of various linear
and non-linear equations, many of which cannot be analized by
classical methods.
Technical Operations, Inc., Fort Monroe, Virginia Located
at Fort Monroe, Virginia, this computer is used to perform
scientific computations in support of operations research and
war gaming activities. The LGP 30 has been used extensively to
process, reduce and statistically analyse data. A variety of
applications to war gaming activities also exist.
As examples, artillery, close combat and tank antitank
assessment .are currently carried out for War Games Division,
CD, on the computer on either a precomputed or "on-line"
basis.
Western Electric Company, Inc. At Winston-Salem,
North Carolina, there are two such systems in use by this
organization. Both are used to monitor the performance of
automated production lines for electrical components. These
production lines consist of completely automatic, specially
designed manufacturing facilities integrated into a production line
by automatic transport feed facilities. At strategic points
automatic monitoring devices inspect the product and transmit
these data through input equipment into the computer. The
computer analyzes these data on a statistical basis and if
corrective action is needed at any point on the production, the
computer decides both the correction and magnitude and achieves
control through the output equipment.
Computation Center, Dartmouth College As a separate
department closely associated with the Mathematics Department,
physically located in a small room on campus, the system is used
to train undergraduates in the use of a computer, as a laboratory
adjunct to several courses, especially numerical
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0587
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Photo by the Raytheon Company
analysis, as a research tool for faculty and student use, and as a basis for
computer oriented research (compilers).
Johns Hopkins University Located in Room 426 of the Computation
Center, Homewood Branch, the system is used for research and teaching in
fields of Engineering, Science, Social Relations, Economics, Medicine,
Biostatistics and Related Studies.
Lehigh University Located at the Industrial Engineering
Department, Packard Lab, Bethlehem, Pa., the system is used for engineering
and scientific analysis and design, statistics and curve fitting, data
processing, systems simulation, and classwork in problem-solving.
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Located at the Computer
Center on the campus of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy at
Rolls, Missouri, the system is used for research in Engineering and the
Sciences by the faculty and graduate students of the Missouri School of Mines
and Metallurgy, regular scheduled courses in Numerical Analysis,
programming of digital computers and the design of digital computers for both
undergraduate and graduate students. A very small amount of time is available
for commercial use.
Ohio University Located in Juper Hall, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio, system is used for teaching and research in atomic and nuclear physics
and chemistry.
University of South Carolina Located at the University of South
Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, system is used for instruction and research.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Manufacturer
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 32
Binary digits/instruction 32
Instructions/word 1
Instructions decoded 16
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Simulate floating point by programming
Instruction type One address
Number range 9 decimal digits - 5 alpha
Instruction word format
+--------------+------------+--------+-----------------+-------+
| | Command | | Address | |
+--------------+------------+--------+-----------------+-------+
| 1 10 | 11 15 | 16 17 | 18 29 | 30 31 |
+--------------+------------+--------+-----------------+-------+
Automatic coding includes compilers, assemblers, and interpretitive systems.
Registers includes an accumulator - double extension, an instruction, a
counter, and 4096 memory registers.
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0588
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Photo by Servomechanisms, Inc.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Manufacturer
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 2,000 - average 250 constant
Mult 17,000 17,000
Div 17,000 17,000
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Vacuum tubes 113
Diodes 1,450
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
Manufacturer
No. of No. of Access
Medium Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Drum 4,096 32 binary Min. 2,000
Avg. 8,500
A complete instruction can be done in 2200 microseconds,
including both accesses when optimum programed. Maximum
operation time is 15,000 microseconds (the time for one
revolution of the drum which rotates at 4,000 rpm.
All user's systems have a 4,096 word drum.
INPUT
Manufacturer
Media Speed
Paper Tape (Photo-electric) 200 char/sec
Paper Tape (Typewriter) 12 char/sec
Cards 20 char/sec
The high speed paper tape reader is for input only and makes
possible loading the entire drum: 64 tracks of the LGP 30 in a
maximum of five minutes.
The following organizations have the high speed photoelectric
paper tape reader: ADDS Committee, Officers' Dept., USASCS,
Ft. Monmouth Materials Research laboratory, Watertown
Arsenal U. S. A. Watertown Arsenal Laboratories Ordnance
Mission, White Sands Missile Range U. S. Navy Hydrographic
Office NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Tennessee Valley
Authority-Flood Control Branch The Griscom-Russell Company
Mutual Insurance Advisory Association
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0589
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Raytheon Company- Missile Systems Division
Technical Operations, Inc., Fort Monroe, Virginia
Johns Hopkins University
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy
Ohio University
Western Electric Company, Inc.
Media Speed
Electronic equipment by140,000/sec. meaningful
Western Electric impulses
Voltage to frequency converter fed into binary frequency counter.
Computer scans counter and extracts information. Special data gathering and
control equipment designed by Western Electric from on
line production equipment.
Electric Typewriter10 char/sec
OUTPUT
Manufacturer
Media Speed
High Speed Punch 30 char/sec
Tape Typewriter Punch 20 char/sec
Tape Typewriter Print 20 char/sec
X-Y Plotter
Servomechanisms
Typewriter 10 char/sec
Tape Punch 10 char/sec
Punch causes typewriter to print
Automatic plotting equipment includes a separate tape reader (Friden, a
digital analog converter, and a servo plotting board (Mosely Autograph).
W. E.
Electronic equipment 140,000/sec. meaningful
designed by Western Electric impulses
Consists of Diode Logic and transistor flip flops
actuating binary relays.
Electric Typewriter 10 char/sec
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Manufacturer
Tubes 113 (Miniature, computer type)
Tube types 7 Primarily 5687, 5965 and 5915
Crystal diodes 1,500 Subminiature
Printed circuits are used extensively.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Manufacturer
Power, computer 1.15 Kw 1.5 KVA
60 cycle single phase line
Volume, computer 21.8 cu ft
Length, computer 44 in
Height, computer 33 in
Depth, computer 26 in
Area, computer 8.19 sq ft
Room size 5 ft x 5 ft min.
Floor loading 97.7 lbs/sq ft
800 lbs concen max
Weight, computer 800 lbs
Normal office power is required.
USASCS No special site preparation requirements other than air
conditioning.
MRL Watertown Arsenal We do have air conditioning, but it is a
part of a larger system and was not essential for the operation of computer.
However, room temperature should be kept below 97o.
USA WAL No special preparation
necessary.
P-DL FA Required wiring from existing transformer.
USN Hydro Essentially the only requirement is access to 115 volt,
60 cycle, single phase, 13 ampere alternating current.
US NOTS
No requirements.
NASA
No requirements.
TVA
No site preparation.
AA
The LGP 30 computer is located in a separate room (9'x10') on the
second floor of the main Engineering Building. The building is of masonry
construction and the walls of the computer room are dry-wall (plaster board)
construction. An exhaust vent, which includes a blower, supplements the
internal blower of the computer. The entire building is air-conditioned.
ACF
No site requirements but it would be advantageous to have
sound absorbing materi al on walls and/or ceiling of computer room.
Convair
No site requirements.
GE No site preparation. 220 VAC power outlet installed.
GR Direct power line for 2 computers. 7 Tons of air
conditioning.
MIAA No site preparation required for LGP 30 installations. Advised
to have separate 110 ckt. for ideal operation.
Raytheon No site preparation requirements. Suggested minimum 100
sq ft of space.
Servomechanisms Acoustic tile on portion of one wall;
separately fused (breaker) for computer only.
TO, Inc. Since this computer is desk size and requires no
supplementary air conditioning, site preparation and/ or modification is
minimized. It is necessary to install the computer in an area where sufficient
ventilation is provided to exhaust 5,000 BTU/hour dissipated by computer
electrical components. In the case of this installation, excess heating of an
inside room where the computer was in use made it necessary to install a forced
air vent system in the wall. Acoustic tile was also used in the room to reduce
the noise level associated with computer operation.
WE Isolated 110 volt power circuit.
Lehigh University No site preparation
requirements.
MSMM No site preparation
requirements.
Ohio U. Installed in a room converted from a machine shopis now
a class room.
U of S.C. No special
preparations.
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0590
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PRODUCTION RECORD
Manufacturer
Number produced to date 462
Number in current operation 450
Number in current production 20
Number on order 38
Anticipated production rates 10 per month
Time required for delivery 1 month
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Manufacturer
Cost of basic system
Computer and tape-typewritercommercial $49,500
government 49,300
educational 29,700
Cost for additional equipment
High speed punch and photo-reader $ 6,360
Photoelectric reader alone 4,800
Punched card control unit and X-Y plotter purchased by
special arrangement. Rental for basic system $1,100/month,
commercial and government, $880 educational. Rental rates for
additional equipment
Punch and reader $265/mo
X-Y plotter 300/mo
Card input unit 100/mo
Photo-reader 200/mo
Maintenance included in rental; service contract available
for purchasers.
USASCS Cost of basic system is $43,500 for the LGP and
Flexowriter, and $4,800 for the tape reader. Maintenance service
contract cost $1,750/annum, without parts.
USA WAL $1,500 per month for computer, photo-reader
and extra tape typewriter.
WSMR LGP 30 and Flexowriter rent for $1,100 per
month. Paper tape reader rents for $200 per month.
Additional Flexowriter rents for $150 per month.
GR
Two LGP 30s rent for $1,100 each, total $2,200/month.
Flexowriter $150/mo
Photo-reader 200/mo
Punch 65 mo
Total 15 mo
Servomechanisms LGP 30 with aper tape reader, punch,
Friden Typewriter cost 50,000. Tape reader, digital to analog
converter, servo plotting board cost $4,000. No contract at
present; service labor rate is $12.50 per hour.
T0, Inc. LGP 30 Computer with typewriter rents for
$1,150/mo. High speed reader-punch and auxiliary typewriter
rents for $365/mo. "On-call" servicing from Washington, D. C.
($50 service charge).
WE $70 000 total cost (includes special input and
outputj.
Dartmouth LGP 30 with attached Flexowriter, extra
Flexowriter, and photoreader about $37,000, school cost.
About $2,500 per year, plus parts, plus travel over
fifty miles.
Lehigh U.
Cost of basic system
Computer $49,500
Cost of additional equipment
Photo-reader and punch 6,360
Maintenance service contract is $2,500/year.
MSMM
1 Royal McBee LGP 30 Computer$29,700
1 Royal McBee Model 342 High Speed Paper Tape Reader
and Punch, 1 Off-line tape typewriter (Flexowriter);
grant from Royal McBee Corp.
None first year. All addition years will be $4,500
per year including all parts and service for entire
system.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturer
Requirements among users will vary widely. Many existing LGP
30 installations are staffed by one programmer and one tape
punch operator; others, by one person performing all functions;
others, by one person for each function. No maintenance or
other technical personnel are required by the user.
Manufacturer trains by programming schools for users (no
cost), maintenance schools for users, if desired ($600 per
person), and local assistance by
applications analysts (no cost).
USASCS
One 8-Hour Shift
Programmers 5-25
Operators 1
Training is at no cost to the government. Any engr, math,
or phy can be taught in 2 weeks. Maintenance course, 5 weeks
at $500/person.
MRL Watertown Arsenal
In general the machine runs about 42 hours a week. Six
persons from three separate organizations (all. located at
Watertown Arsenal) use the machine and do their own
programming, operating, and preparation of tapes. The
operation of the computer is a part time job for all six persons,
most of whom are mathematicians.
Operation tends toward open shop.
Twelve hour course given on site by Royal McBee personnel.
Also programming school (two weeks course) is available through
Royal McBee Corporation, free of
charge.
USA WAL
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 2
Programmers 5
Operation tends toward closed shop.
Courses were given by Royal McBee Corporation.
Occasional two or three-shift operation is necessary, but not
enough to warrant hiring extra people.
P-DL FA
The computer is programmed and operated by six individuals
engaged in optical design activity with an estimated total time
equivalent to that of one full. time employee. The majority of
programs covering optical ray trace methods and related
activities have been provided by the Royal McBee Corporation.
The modifications required to adopt these programs for our
particular needs have been completed. Minor modifications to
these programs and new programs which are relatively short are
developed by optical
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0591
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personnel.
Any future modifications of a lengthy nature or extensive
programs for automatic lens design would be performed by
either the mathematics section or by contract. Total cost
estimated for this activity would be equivalent to that of using
one employee on a half time basis.
Operation tends toward closed shop..
Personnel attended a two week training course offered
by Royal McBee's New York office. TVA
The LGP 30 is used by a staff of approximately 25 engineers
as needed. One of the staff engineers acts as supervisor or
coordinator of machine activities. This supervision requires
approximately 20% of his time.
The number of engineers using the LGP 30 is continually
increasing.
Scheduling and time keeping is on an informal basis.
Operation tends toward open shop.
Approximately 40 people were trained by a Royal
McBee instructor when the computer was installed.
Approximately 20 people have been trained by in-ser-
vice training and self study. Approximately 35 peo-
ple were trained recently in a TVA sponsored after
hours training class. Other classes will be held
as the need arises.
AA
One programmer/operator is required normally, but two often
are employed under high computer work load conditions. The
computer is used on one standard 8-hour shift (40-hour week)
and is in operation approximately 60,% of the time.
Operation tends toward open shop.
No formal methods of training have been introduced
as of this time. Lectures on prograamming and opera-
tion of the computer have been given to various com-
pany personnel and will be continued.
Convair
Complete open shop, no personnel uniquely assigned.
GE
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 1
Analysts 6
Programmers 6
Coders 5
Operators 1
Engineers 4
Technicians 1
Operation tends toward open shop.
On-the-,job training used. Raytheon At the present time, there
are ei t (8) mathematicians and engineers from two
(2)departments using this system, for which one person is
responsible. Servomechanisms
One 8-Hour Shift
Used Recommended
Supervisors .1 .1
Analysts .1 .2
Programmers .4 .7
Clerks .1 .2
Operators .5 .7
Operation tends toward open shop.
Company sponsored classes open to all advanced
engineering employees,- (usually 2 hours per day for one week,
each year). T0, Inc.
The simplicity of LGP 30 operation makes it feasible to
train most analysts to use computational facilities, whenever a
problem is encountered suitable for computer solution. For the
most part the
analyst will program, code, and "debug" his own particular
problem. In those cases where problems will involve more
detailed programming or extensive coding and "debugging",
programmer-coders are available to assume responsibility for
the problem. This open shop operation is tailored to the
requirements of this organization and has, thus far, proved to be
quite efficient.
Operation tends toward open shop.
Twoprocedures have been used at this installation.
These are 1. attendance at a two week LGP 30 pro-
gramming course and 2. on-the-job training super-
vised by experienced personnel. Option 2 is generally
used in those cases where analysts or programmers
have prior computer experience.
Dartmouth
One machine supervisor is used. All our programming is done
by students. About 10 of them keep the machine busy all week
one full shift by putting in about 6 hours apiece.
Operation tends toward open shop.
Training is "sink or swim" with help given as needed. We
give the students a simple problem, a machine manual, a few
words of advice and let them work on their own. We do not
give extensive lectures, but may give one or two hours when
computing is part of regular course where the students do not
have the time to learn by themselves. Lehigh U.
One 8-Hour Shift Two 8-Hour Shifts
Used Recomm Used Recomm
Supervisors 1 1 1
Analysts 1 2 1
Programmers 2 2
Coders 1 2 1 1
Clerk-Librarian 1 2 1
Operators 1 1 1
Operation tends toward open shop.
Methods of training used includes Compiler (short
informal course), Interpreter (short, formal course),
Basic Language (intensive course with extensive, in-
formal practice) and Operation (intensive course
with extensive, informal practice). Plan to teach
operation with special "Automated Program".
NEW
1 supervisor 2/3 time - recommended 1 full time
1 combination programmer and operator - recommended 2
1 combination coder and clerk - recommended 2
Operation tends toward open shop.
Regular scheduled university courses in Numerical Analysis,
Programming, and operation of the computer. Occasionally
short courses in programming and operation are taught. Ohio U.
A course (1 semester, 3 hour credit) is offered in the Mathematics
Department. Operation tends toward open shop. U of S. C.
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 1
Analysts 1
Programmers 1
Operation tends toward open shop.
Individual instruction to students.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Manufacturer operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time)
0.95 Figure based on user performance records.
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0592
|
MRL Watertown Arsenal
Good time 39 Hours/Week Average
Attempted to run time 42 Hours/Week Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.93
Above figures based on period from May 59 to May 60 Time
is not available for rent to outside organizations.
USA WAL
Good time 21 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875
Above figures based on period 27 Sep 59 to 12 Dec 59
Passed Customer Acceptance Test 5 May 59
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
WSMR
Good time39.5 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time40 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.99
Above figures based on period from Jun 58 to Apr 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test Jun 58
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
P-DL FA
Good time34.2 Hours/Week Average
Attempted to run time 37.4 Hours/Week (Average) Operating
ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.932 Above figures based
on period from Nov 59 to Apr 60 Passed Customer
Acceptance Test Apr 59
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
USN Hydro
Good time 36 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time40 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.90
Above figures based on period 1 Apr 59 to 20 Apr 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test Apr 59
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
US NOTS
Good time 25 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time29 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.86
Above figures based on period 1 Dec 59 to 1 May 60
Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 59
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
This is a small computer but it is capable of handling a large
number of general engineering and scientific problems. It
presently complements an IBM 709
located at the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China
Lake, Calif.
NASA
Good time 23.0; 36.0; 25.7 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time 33.4; 38.9; 34.2 Hours/Week
operating ratio 0.689; 0.925; 0.751
Abovefigures based on period from 1 Feb to 10 Apr
Time is not available for rent to outside organiza-
tions.
TVA
Good time 36 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.90
Above figures based on period from Dec 57 to May 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test Dec 57
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
Down time varies considerably. There was one six month period
of no down time. Service men come from out of town, so down
time is largely travel time of
the service man.
AA
Good time 24 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time25 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95
Above figures based on period from Oct 59 to Apr 60 Time is
available for rent to outside organizations The LGP 30 has
been a very reliable computer with
little or no down time except for periodic preventive
maintenance checks. The Flexowriter (standard input-output
unit) has given only those minor difficulties usually encountered
with typewriters.
ACF
Good time 24 Hours/Week (Average
Attempted to run time30 Hours/Week (Average
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.80
Above figures based on period from Jul 59 to Jul 60
Time is available for rent to qualified outside
organizations.
Convair
Good time40 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time44 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.91
Above figures based on period 1 Jan 59 to 31 Dec 59 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test 1 May 58
Time is available for rent to outside organizations
GE
Average error-free running period 34 Hours
Good time 34 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time35 Hours/Week (Average;
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97
Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Aug 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test Jan 60
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
GR
Average error-free running period 190 Hours
Good time37.3 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time41.2 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.905
Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 30 Mar 60 Time is
not available for rent to outside organizations.
lst LGP 30 installed Aug 57 and replaced Mar 59. 2nd LGP
30 installed Mar 59
Raytheon
Good time 28 Hours/Week Average)
Attempted to run time32 Hours/Week Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875
Above figures based on period from May 60 to Aug 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test Aug 58
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
Since the operating costs of this machine are extremely
inexpensive, since this system is open shop not emphasizing
programming skills, and since long
production runs are left running unattended all night, we
do not try to schedule work to obtain 100% utilization
during regular working hours;
however, it is utilized at least 70,$ of this time with as much
all night productions as necessary.
It is not uncommon to have the machine running 24
continuous error-free hours.
Servomechanisms
Average error-free running period 6 - 7 Weeks
Good time38 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time40 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95
Above figures based on period Apr 59 to 26 Apr 60
Passed Customer Acceptance Test May 58
Time is available for rent to qualified outside organizations.
T0, Inc.
Average error-free running period 2 Months
Good time34.3 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time35.0 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.98
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0593
|
Above figures based on period 25 Feb 59 to 25 Apr 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test 24 Feb 59
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
Excellent reliability since installation. Hours/week running time
is approaching full single shift opera
tion as computational requirements continue to in-
crease.
WE
Average error-free running period 360 Hours
Good time35 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time40 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875
Above figures based on period from Dee 58 to Jul 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test 18 Dec 57
Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
Dartmouth
Good time One week (Average)
Operating ratio 0.90
Above figures based on period. 1 Jun 59 to 12 Apr 60 Time is
not available for rent to outside organizations.
We have about one breakdown every two weeks. We will then
remain down for about two days since the repairman must make
it a days trip from Boston.
JHU
Average error-free running period 1 Week
Good time 35 Hours/Week (Average
Attempted to run time40 Hours/Week (Average;
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875
Above figures based on period from Feb 60 to Sep 60
Time is not available for rent to outside organiza-
tions.
General performance of computer has been good.
Flexowriter input-output unit has been responsible for most
of the computer down time.
Lehigh U
Good time 36 Hours/Week (Average
Attempted to run time37 Hours/Week (Average
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97
Above figures based on period 1 Jun 59 to 31 May 60 Passed
Customer Acceptance Test 1 Dec 57
Time is available for rent to qualified outside organizations.
Ohio U
Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average
Attempted to run time40 Hours/Week (Average;
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95
Above figures based on period from 58 to 60
Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1957
Time is available for rent to qualified outside organizations.
Open shop - we keep no records of who uses it, when, or what
for.
U of S.C.
Good time60 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time60 Hours/Week (Average;
Above figures based on period from Jun 59 to Apr 60
Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jun 59
Time is available for rent to outside organizations.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Manufacturer Outstanding features include low cost;
compactness; ease of programming; large users' organization
with well-stocked program library; alphanumeric inputoutput
including full format control; large memory; no special
installation requirements; nation-wide maintenance and
service network.
MRL Watertown Arsenal Outstanding features include
an internally stored program; large memory; flexibility with
input, output; no special site preparation; relatively simple
programming. Several compilers are available for the LGP 30,
interpretive systems in floating point are extremely useful, and
almost all of our work is done in floating point and there are a
large number of subroutines available.
WSMR Outstanding features include high reliability
and simple programming.
USN Hydro Outstanding features include compactness,
low heat dissipation, and reasonable rental.
TVA Outstanding features include simplicity 6f
programming and operation and a practical manual input.
Good machine for informal, open shop operation. The
computer serves present needs very well. However, service
from out of town is inconvenient and wasteful of time.
AA Compact, desk-sized, completely mobile. Speed equal
to many room-sized computers. Plugs into any regular wall outlet
(110V). Compared to computers in its class the LGP 30 has the
largest capacity (4096 words] for data and program. Paper
program tapes and data tapes are labeled on the Flexowriter and
stored in circular containers which are likewise labeled. These
tape containers are stored in a metal cabinet with other
computer literature and programming forms.
ACF Outstanding features include ease of
programming and large memory for machine of this price.
GE outstanding features include ease of
programming, small size and sufficient speed.
Raytheon Outstanding features include low cost
computations, simplicity in programming and operating, and
may be used as a desk calculator.
Servomechanisms Outstanding features include ease of
programming and operating.
T0, Inc. Outstanding features: This is a simple computer
to program and operate. 4,000 words of fast access storage
make this computer competitive with others renting for
substantially higher rates. Input is easily accomplished using
typewriter or tape input. Specific storage locations can be
interrogated. Programming and "debugging" is simplified
through the use of a single operation option which allows the
coder to step through a program instruction by instruction.
System is limited to paper tape inputoutput, 16 basic orders in
fixed point operation, 1 logical order, one address, lack of MQ
register makes double precision computation difficult, relatively
slow, stops on accumulator overflow, and the requirement for
"spacer bit" complicates programming.
WE Outstanding feature is its simplicity of programming.
Dartmouth System is small and. inexpensive, binary,
homogeneous memory, able to do logical operations on symbols
easily.
Ohio U Outstanding feature is its ease of
use.
U of S. C. This LGP 30 is extremely reliable
except for some Flexowriter troubles.
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0594
|
FUTURE PLANS
Manufacturer Production of basic system to continue with
electronic improvements as developed. MRL Watertown Arsenal
Present plans indicate renting a larger small scale computer to
replace the LGP 30. The RPC 4000 is the latest machine
developed by Royal Precision Corporation and has double the
memory, double the number of instruction of the LGP 30, is fully
transistorized and is much faster. Our computing needs demand
the larger machine now. USA WAL It is possible that the present
system will be replaced by the slightly larger and faster RPC 4000
at an undeterminate future date, but nothing definite has gotten
underway on this. P-DL FA Contract with University of
Rochester to develop a program for automatic lens design. US
HOTS It is proposed to install a Digital Equipment Corporation
PDP-3 Computer in the Simulation and Computer Center at
NOTS, Pasadena. This would be a medium size (16K) very high
speed computer which will be used for real time, physical, and
computed simulation problems, in conjunction with the existing
analog facility of over 600 amplifiers. Convair The function of
the LGP 30 is being absorbed by the IBM 704. The LGP 30 will
be eliminated. GE It is anticipated that one additional LGP 30
will be put into service. T0, Inc.
The increased computational requirements of this organization
during the past year, specifically in support of war gaming
activity is indicative of a trend which will continue. A
concentrated effort is being made to relieve the war gamer of the
computational burden associated with combat assessment and
thus improve and accelerate was gaming activity. This gradual
automation of war game control functions is currently taxing our
computational facilities. It is apparent that in the near future
these facilities must be expanded.
No specific system has been selected at this time,
however, we are currently surveying the computer
field in an effort to determine which is the system
best tailored to our future needs.
Dartmouth
We plan to move in about a year to more suitable
quarters. The Center will then consist of the
machine room 20 by 30, an adjoining work 12 by 16,
a store room 6 by 10. This room will be equipped
efficiently for student and open shop operation.
We have no plans at present for new equipment,
though we would naturally want to keep approximate-
ly up to date as new developments are made.
MSMM Plans for the immediate future include the
purchase of an extra tape typewriter, card input-output
equipment and high accuracy analog computer equipment. Future
plans also include the purchase of another digital computer with
considerable more speed and capacity then the present LGP 30
computer system. All of this equipment to be installed in the
Campus Computer Center. U of S.C. It is anticipated that a
photoreader for the LGP 30 will be added.
INSTALLATIONS
ADPS Committee, Officers' Department, USASCS
Fort Monmouth, New Jersey
Materials Research Laboratory
Watertown Arsenal Watertown,
Massachusetts
Watertown Arsenal Laboratories
Watertown 72, Massachusetts
Ordnance Mission White Sands Missile
Range, New Mexico
Pitman-Dunn Laboratories, Frank ford Arsenal
Philadelphia 37, Pennsylvania
U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office
Washington 25, D. C.
U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena 3202
E. Foothill Blvd. Pasadena, California
NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center c/o
Anacostia Naval Station Washington 25,
D. C.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Flood Control Branch 712
Union Building Knoxville, Tennessee
Aircraft Armaments, Inc.
Cockeysville, Maryland
ACF Electronics Division
11 Park Place
Paramus, New Jersey
Convair-Fort Worth Division of General
Dynamics Corp. Fort Worth, Texas
General Electric-Missile and Space Vehicle Dept. 3198
Chestnut Street Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania
The Griscom-Russell Company
Massillon, Ohio
Mutual Insurance Advisory Association 111
Fourth Avenue New York 3, N. Y.
BRL 1961, LGP 30, start page 0595
|
Raytheon Company
Missile Systems Division
Bedford, Massachusetts
Research Division, Servomechanisms, Inc.
Building 114, Santa Barbara Airport
Goleta, California
Technical Operations, Inc.
Fort Monroe, Virginia
Western Electric Company, Inc.
3300 Lexington Road, S. E.
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Dartmouth College, Computation Center
Hanover, New Hampshire
Johns Hopkins University
34th and Charles Streets
Baltimore 18, Maryland
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy
Rolla, Missouri
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio
University of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE 407, start page 0596
|
LIBRASCOPE 407
Librascope407
MANUFACTURER
General Precision, Inc.
Librascope Division
APPLICATIONS
General purpose, airborne, guidance and navigational computer.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Number binary digits/word 22
Number binary digits/instruction 44
Number instructions per word 1
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type Four address
Instruction word format
+--------------------------------------------+
| Current Instruction |
+-------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
| as | at | bs | bt | Oper |
+-------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
+--------------------------------------------+
| Next Instruction |
+-------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
| cs | ct | ds | dt | Oper |
+-------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
Operands are a, b, c
Next instruction is d
System includes 2 accumulators, 1 multiplicand, 1 multiplier register,
and 2 instruction registers.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Exclud. Stor. Access
Microsec
Add 100
Malt 2000
Div 4000
Construction(Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors 500
Resistor-Diodes 5000
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
No. of No. of Binary
Medium Words Digits
Drum 3000 66,ooo
INPUT
Media
Pulse
Analog-Digital
Key Punch
OUTPUT
Medium
Digital-Analog
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.25 Kw
Volume, computer 0.9 cu ft
Weight, computer 56 lbs
INSTALLATIONS
General Precision, Inc.
Librascope Division
808 Western Avenue
Glendale, California
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE 407, start page 0597
|
Photo by Librascope Division, General Precision
Corporation
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC, start page 0598
|
LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC
Librascope Air Traffic Control Central Data
Processor (ATC)
MANUFACTURER
Librascope Division
General Precision, Incorporated
Maddocks Photo for Librascope Division, GP, Inc.
APPLICATIONS
System meets general purpose data processing requirements where high
speed, large capacity random inquiry files are required and large numbers of
different types of input-output systems are connected. Specifically, it is designed
for on-line, real time use in the control of air traffic. Some functions are those of
flight plan breakdown, conflict prediction, conflict resolution, flow prediction,
flight strip preparation and updating, flight plan updating, etc.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary coded decimal
Binary coded decimal digits/word 8
Binary coded decimal digits 8
instruction
Instructions per word 1 (includes field
specification)
Instructions decoded 31
Arithmetic system Fixed point (Magnitude plus sign)
Instruction type One address
Instruction word format
+-------+------------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+------+
| - | C | X | Y | M | M | M | M |
+-------+------------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+------+
| Not | Command | Field Specif | Operand Address |
| used | | | |
+-------+------------+-----------------+----------------------------+
Automatic built-in subroutines include an error mode, entered by
detection of an error. It interrupts program, stores instruction address, and
R register contents.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 32 22 Max.
Mult 366 356 Av.
Div 380 370 Av.
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors 3,000
Arithmetic mode Serio-parallel
Timing Synchronous
Operation Serial by alphanumeric character
Parallel by bit
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC, start page 0599
|
Maddocks Photo for Librascope Division, GP, Inc.
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Digits Microsec
Core Memory 4,000 32,000 10
Magnetic drum 256,000 2,032,000 16,000
Magnetic tape Multiple FR 300 units
No. of units that can be connected 32 Units
No. of characters/linear inch 200 Chars/inch
Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 1/2 Inch
Tape speed 75-150 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 30,000 Chars/sec
Start time 3 Millisec
Stop time 3 Millisec
Physical properties of tape
Width1/2 Inches
Length of reel 2,400 Feet
Composition Oxide on paper or plastic
INPUT
No. of Multi-
Media Speed plexed Channels
Flexowriter 10 char/sec
Photo Reader 330 char/sec
Teletype via buffer 10 char/sec 12
Keyboard via display
console 15,000-20,000 ch/s 30
Data Link 50 char/sec 4
Analog-Digital
Conv from Radar 50 char/sec 2
Inter Computer via
Buffer 200,000 ch/s 1
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC, start page 0600
|
Maddocks Photo for Librascope Division, GP, Inc.
OUTPUT
No. of Multi-
Media Speed plexed Channels
Flexowriter 10 chars/sec
Teletype via Buffer 10 char/sec 7
Charactron via display
console 15,000-20,000 ch/s 30
Flight strip via dis-
play console 15,000-20,000 ch/s 30
Flight strip punch
and printer 10 char/sec 12
Data Link 30 char/sec 7
Analog-Digital conv
to radar trackers 30 char/sec 2
Inter Computer via
buffer 200,000 char/sec 1
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
(For a minimum system
TypeQuantity
Tubes 0
Diodes
About 5 types 1,500
Transistors 23,000
2N393
2N599
2N416
2N498
2N404
2N595
and a few others
CHECKING FEATURES
Checking features include parity on all registers, and all information
exchanges between units. A dual adder is used in the arithmetic unit.
Complete checking is performed.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 3 Kw
Power, air conditioner 2 Kw
Volume, computer 140 cu ft
Area, computer 23 sq ft
Floor loading 20 lbs/sq ft
Air conditioner is internal
Weight, computer 3,000 lbs
Air conditioner is included in above
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 2
Number in current operation 1
Number in current production 2
Time required for delivery 12 months
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Construction techniques utilized to insure reliability includes "NOR"
circuitry, RTL logic, 100,E incoming inspection, rigid testing, "worse,
worse" case type of design, extensive field reports on failures plus immediate
corrective action, and the use of double rank registers.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
System is particularly suited to systems requiring random retrieval from
large unsorted files and systems with large numbers of input-output devices.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC, start page 0601
|
Maddocks Photo for Librascope Division, GP, Inc.
FUTURE PLANS
It is planned to change to a 6 microsecond memory
cycle time and increase the pulse rate, which will
reduce the operation times by a factor of 4. Also,
index registers will be added and the drum capacity
will be increased.
INSTALLATIONS
Librascope Division of General Precision, Inc.
808 Western Avenue
Glendale 1, California
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE ASN 24, start page 0602
|
LIBRASCOPE ASN 24
Librascope ASN 24 Airborne Digital Computer
MANUFACTURER
Librascope Division
General Precision, Incorporated
Photo by Librascope Division, GP, Inc.
APPLICATIONS
The ASN-24 Computer is a highly versatile generalpurpose
electronic digital computer which by virtue of its non-fixed
internally-stored program, is easily adaptable to many
commercial, scientific and military uses. In addition, its small size
and weight and low power requirements make it particularly well
suited for application in compact systems.
While the ASN-24 Computer can be utilized for extensive on-
line general purpose computing applications, it has been designed
primarily to satisfy the complex environmental and operational
performance requirements of airborne/spaceborne systems
realtime applications. The computations may be made fry doppler
derived ground speed, manually fed fixes, true heading, celestial
position determination, and radio aids. Automatic inputs of the
following form may be accepted. (When utilized with appropriate
complementing input-output equipment):
Compass heading
Astro compass heading
True air speed
Doppler ground speed and drift angle
Inertial velocity
Radio aids
TACAN range and bearing
Automatic sextant (Celestial altitude and azimuth)
Altitude above terrain or above sea level
An internal standard for both sideral and solar time
Star tracker
New equipment as it is developed
Information may also be fed into the computer manually.
Manually stored information may be latitude, longitude, range,
bearing, wind force or angle, or any direct fix data not available
fry the aircraft's instrument.
Basic data necessary for navigation may be set manually
into the computer before take-off, or in the air.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE ASN 24, start page 0603
|
The ASN-24 will perform the following basic computations
as well as solve other desired navigational problems:
Ground position in latitude and longitude with computing
errors not to exceed 0.01% of distance traveled.
Ground
track
Polar
navigation
Great circle course .and distance to alternate
destinations
Magnetic variation and true heading
Wind direction and velocity (and has provision for wind
memory)
Celestial fixes
Position from radar or radio aids (and will check these fixes
for credibility)
Range and bearing to a moving target
Range and bearing to a collision point with a moving
target
Time to
destination
Altitude and azimuth of a celestial body
Image motion compensation and timing for aerial
photography
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 25
Binary digits/instruction 25
Instructions/word 1
Instructions decoded not applicable
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type Two-address
(One-plus-one)
The "one-plus-one" addresses are of the operand
and the next instruction.
Number range -1 to +1 - 224
Instruction word format
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+------+
|P24P23P22P21P20|P19P18P17P16P15|P14P13P12P11P10P9|P8P7P6P5P4P3|P2P1P0|
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+------+
| Ta | Tb | Sb | Sa | 0 |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+------+
Ta (P24 - P20)represents the track address of the
next instruction
Tb (P19 - P15) represents the track address of the operand
(except for transfer and store orders)
Sb (P14 - P9) represents the sector address of the operand
(except for transfer and store orders)
Sa (P8 - P3)represents the sector address of the
next instruction
0 (P2 - P0)represents the order to be performed
Transfer Orders: (Tb, Sb) represents the track and sector
addresses of the next instruction if the
contents of the accumulator is positive
Store Orders:(Tb, Sb) defines the location into
which the contents of the accumulator is
stored, or defines the modified store order to
be performed
Automatic built-in subroutines include Add, Subtract, Multiply,
Divide, Extract, Clear and Add, Conditional Transfer on Sign of
Accumulator, Store, and Modified Store (Multiple).
Registers include 4 recirculating registers. These are the
Instruction, Accumulator, Multiplier, and Multiplicand.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 625 156
Mutt 4219 3907
Div 4375 4063
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors 382
Diodes 3553
Capacitors 347
Transformers 87
Resistors 1894
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Medium Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Drum 2,560 64,000 10,000 max
156 Min
INPUT
Media Speed
Incremental Pulse 0-6000 pps
Train
Shaft Position to Sample: 100/sec
Binary Coded Discs Slew Rate: 800 bits/sec
Speed can be made higher
Input/output equipment must be designed for each
particular application; however, the particular design
and wide applicability of the ASN-24 Computer
insures minimum required design effort for
input/output equipment.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Discretes Max 100 pps
(voltage pulses)
Signals of various time lengths and ampli-
tudes are possible.Signals used to excite
other equipment, close relays, etc.
Encoder Disc Sample: 100 or 200/sec
Slew Rate: 800 bits/sec
Can be coupled to synchro, potentiometer, or
other similar type shaft mechanism.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Diodes 3,553
Transistors 382
Only silicon diodes and transistors are used for high
temperature operation capability. These units have high
back resistance and low leakage characteristics at high
temperatures. The higher collector voltage ratings of
silicon transistors permit larger logic swings, these
reducing the susceptibility of the computer to noise.
The resistors are 1/4 watt, carbon composition type,
have low dielectric loss, DC resistivity, and high
thermal shock resistance.
Most of the capacitors are a solid tantalum type
which have high dielectric strength and
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE ASN 24, start page 0603
|
have no derating of voltage over a large temperature range.
The very small capacitors are the subminiature ceramic type.
CHECKING FEATURES
Routines programmed to check all instructions or order codes
and the contents of the memory. Discrete signals, suitable for
driving indicators, generated to indicate successful completion
of check routines. The support equipment includes a FillTest
Unit, which will.fill and check memory contents in conjunction
with a tape reader and control the computer program with one-
step or loop operation. It also provides test route and
synchronization signals for oscilloscope presentation of
computer information and Card Checker will check operation
of individual circuit and logic cards.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.132 Kw0.189 KVA 0.7 Pf
Does not include I/0
Volume, computer 0.55 cu ft
Area, computer 1.42 sq ft
Weight, computer 37 lbs
System requires a suitable surface, table, etc., that is fairly
steady, can support 31 lbs. etc. System requires only
electrical power outlets, 28v DC and 3 phase, 400 cycle AC.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 4
Number in current operation 3
Number in current production 12
Number on order 16
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 4
Analysts 1
Programmers 3
Clerks 4
Engineers 20
Technicians 7
Draftsmen 13
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Outstanding features include extremely wide variety of
applications, operation under sea-level to space environments,
light weight, low power drain, in actual operation in field,
programmable high speed (200 times (sec). Integration of
inputs and or extrapolation of outputs independent of main
authentic section, and data read-out for telemeters.
Basic computer unit designed and in field operation, input-
output can be designed to meet a multitude of applications with
minimum cost and time expenditures. Tie-in with pulse
integrating accelerometers.
Magnetic Memory Drum
Capacity and Tracks:
41 tracks (1600 bits/track) of non-volatile main memory,
arranged as follows: 38 tracks with 1 read head each; 2 tracks
with 1 read and 1 write head each; 1 track with 1 read head and
a 200 bit recirculating register.
1 1600 bit clock track
2 25 bit recirculating registers (2 registers on each of 2
tracks)
1 25 bit recirculating register with 4 additional heads on the
same track
1 track with head spacings for either 200 bit or 800 bit
recirculation.
Speed:
6,000 rpm
Clock Frequency:
160 kc
Motor:
Location: Contained within drum
Power: 35 watts from 3 phase, 400 cycle, 208
volt Line-Line (60 watts starting power)
Runout:
0.0001 T. I.R.
Drum Assembly Dimensions (including shroud, a head
mounting surface surrounding the drum proper; cover; and
heads):
6 1/2 inch diameter x 5 1116 inches long
Drum Assembly Weight (including shroud, cover and heads):
11 1/2 lbs
Drum Surface:
The entire drum surface is milled, similar to the clock track
on many other drums (i.e. slotted), with the slots parallel to the
axis of rotation. There are 1600 slots around the drum
periphery. After milling, the slots are filled with 3M iron oxide.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE ASN 24, start page 0605
|
Heads: Separate read and write heads are used with this drum.
Minimum readback from read head is 0.4 volts peak to peak. The
write head requires a 300 ma peak current of 2 microseconds
duration through a halfwinding. Storage tracks with only read
heads requires special techniques.
Environmental Specifications
Ambient Temperature Range:
-550 C to +1000 C
Humidity:
Entire assembly can be hermetically sealed
Altitude:
Sea-level to space
Shock:
20g for 11 milliseconds
Vibration:
6g from 15 cps to 2000 cps
Constant Acceleration:
lOg radially, 3g axially
FUTURE PLANS
Many possible new applications being investigated and radiation
testing of circuitry is being planned.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE CP 209, start page 0606
|
LIBRASCOPE CP 209
Librascope Model CP 209
MANUFACTURER
Librascope Division
General Precision, Inc.
APPLICATIONS
System is used for airborne navigation and bombing
ballistics, including loft, and real-time, high
speed tracking problems.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 14
Binary digits/instruction 6
Instructions/word Variable-One, Two or Three
Instructions decoded 30
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Incremental or Digital Differential Analyzer
Instruction type
System can process 8 operands, storing them in 3
parallel positions.
Number range +-(227 - 1)
Automatic built-in subroutines include integration
and sine-cosine.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 59 59
Mult 59 59
Div 177 177 (by subroutine)
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Vacuum-Tubes 304
Transistors 100
Condenser-Diodes 4,500
A-D inputs 12
D-A outputs 14
Arithmetic mode Parallel Arithmetic Units
operating Serially
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential.
STORAGE
Medium No. of Words
Magnetic Drum 85 Computational Blocks
with 4 Integrand Lines
INPUT
Media
Paper Tape Used to fill Memory
Analog Digital 200 divisions/sec
Converters
Manual Inputs
OUTPUT
Medium Speed
Digital-Analog Converters 200 increments/sec
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes
6021 33
6111 197
5T84-WA 36
5639 36
Diodes
406621
Transistors
2N338
2N657
CHECKING FEATURES
Checking features include a diagnostic routine programmed for
maintenance.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 1.76 Kw
Volume, computer 3.0 cu ft
Area, computer 1.77 sq ft
Floor loading 133 lbs concen max
Weight, computer 133 lbs
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 48
Number in current operation 21
Number in current production 6
Number on order 5
Anticipated production rates 5/month
Time required for delivery 10 months
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One 8-Hour Shift
Operators 1
Technicians 1
Training made available by manufacturer to users includes a
factory training course for maintenance men.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Fleet service records indicate that failure-free operation
time averages 90%.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Outstanding features include a stored program, retraceable sine-
cosine operation, K-Line scaling for flexibility and exact
multiplication.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE ASN 24, start page 0607
|
Photo by Librascope Division, General Precision, Inc.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE MK 38, start page 0608
|
LIBRASCOPE MK 38
Librascope Attack Console Mk 38 (U. S. Navy)
MANUFACTURER
Librascope Division
General Precision, Inc.
Photo by Librascope Division
APPLICATIONS
The system consists of a serial, incremental, com-
puter consisting of two identical sections working
from a common control and input-output section.
It is used for real-time fire control problems.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Number of binary digits/word 18
Number of binary digits/instruction 5
Number of instructions per word 18
Number of instructions decoded 70
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One-address operation orders
Two-address increment orders
Four-address distribution orders
Operation orders consist of integration, remainder,
digital servo, transfer, and sine-cosine generation.
Distribution orders take the increment outputs of
the operation orders and store them in temporary
registers.
Increment orders communicate the increment outputs
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE MK 38, start page 0608
|
between the operation orders and make decisions on
incremental transfers.
Number range +- 215
Instruction word format
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Operation Time
Microseconds
Integration 72
Remainder 72
Servo 72
Transfer 72
Sine-Cosine 144
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Medium Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Drum 6,874 122,112 4/bit
INPUT
Media Speed
Analog-digital converters Each sampled every 10
32 max, 18 used millisec.
Switches 16 used Each sampled every 10
millisec.
Paper Tape 20 char/sec
Tape reader is used for initial fill only.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Servo output 32 max, Repositioned every 10
15 used millisec.
Rely Lighter 16 used Repositioned every 10
millisec.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes None
Diodes
1N621 11,087
1N663 4,275
1N914 128
10Z10.7A 4
1212 72
SV128 1
lZ4-7 4
1N647 40
SU122 40
Transistors
2N697 1,686
2N699 29
2N1252 144
2N1253 704
S4048
CHECKING FEATURES
Built in Test Program. Marginal
Check Power Supplies. Card Tester.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer
Volts cps Kw KVA PF
115 400 3 2.74 3.92 0.70
115 400 1 1.109 2.64 0.42
115 60 1 0.032 0.115 0.28
28 60 1 0.29 0.29 1.00
28 DC 0.294 0.294 1.00
Volume, computer 26.67 cu ft
Area, computer 4.67 sq ft
Room size, computer 8 x 9 ft
Power, air conditioner Forced air
Weight, computer 3,000 lbs, Total
(Includes Analog Section)
Refer to OP 2687 for installation requirements.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 14
Number in current operation 3
Number in current production 6
Number on order 54
Anticipated production rates 3 per month
Above data is as of 29 June 60
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 1
Operators 2
Technicians 1
Training made available by manufacturer to users includes a 6
month course for Navy personnel at Key West for operation
and maintenance of entire system.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
System features and construction techniques utilized by
manufacturer to insure required reliability include built in test
programs, giving both identical sections the same program for
comparison testing, a card tester with fixed pattern for testing
all circuit cards, silicon components used for greater heat
stability, and pluggable etched circuits cards for quick
replacement.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Outstanding features include the option to reprogram the fixed
program gives the computer the facility of handling a weapons
system compatible with the number and range of analog-digital
converters.
FUTURE PLANS
Plans include continued adaptation of computing equipment to
any rocket thrown torpedo or similar missile requirement.
Incorporation of electric set and wire-guide torpedoes as well as
other short range weapons.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE MK 130, start page 0610
|
LIBRASCOPE MK 130
Librascope Digital Computer Mk 130 Mod 0 (U.S. Navy)
MANUFACTURER
Librascope Division
General Precision, Inc.
Photo by Librascope Division
APPLICATIONS
Computer performs target motion analysis, target
prediction, and data smoothing for Fire Control
System Mk 113.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Number of binary digits/word18 bits plus sign
Number of digits per instruc-5 bits for address
tion orders
7 bits for non-address
orders
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Floating point is programmed as a subroutine of
two consecutive words; 8 bits are used for the
exponent and 30 bits are used for sign and numeric
value.
Instruction type One address
Number range 0 to (219 - 1)
Instruction word format
Addressable order
Automatic built-in subroutines
The trapping of control is dependent on the over-
flow of the delay line (relative clock). When
trapped, computer obeys the instruction in loca-
tion (00010 of memory.
Registers and B-boxes
One B Modification register, usually known as
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE MK 130, start page 0611
|
index register.
Approximately 3,650 instructions are decoded for a fire
control program.
There is also an indirect addressing feature available. A bit in
the sign position is utilized for this purpose. This differs in that
instead of referring to an address 0001 the desired address is
found in location 0001. This process may be carried further.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl.Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access
Microsec. Microsec.
Add 40 16
Mult 40-424 16-400
Div 40-460 16-436
Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Synchronous
Operational Sequential
The machine has a microprogram unit which controls its
function. The microprogram unit is synchronous, the
arithmetic unit is asynchronous.
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Medium Words Digits Microsec.
Magnetic Core Memory 4,096 Sign digit + 20
18 digits
No magnetic tape is associated with the Mk 130 Mod 0.
INPUT
Media Speed
Switch Bank on test panel Instantaneous
Information is read. directly into the accumulator.
Analog Modules (Digital 157 times per second
Data from Shaft encoders)
Information is converted from analog voltages to
binary via I/0 Buffer, is read into the K Register.
From the K Register, the program gets the informa-
tion into the Accumulator.
Flexowriter or Ferranti Photo reader original
tape reader rate 530 chars/sec
The speed is dependent on the amount of tape on
the reel.
Switches in Mk 50, Mk 51, 128 micro sec pulses
and Mk 75 of FCS Mk 113 and
all Mods, and Sensor opera-
tor's Mark Signals
Some of these signals are stretched to more than
2.25 seconds.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
AnaloModules (Digital 157 times/sec
data from shaft encoder)
Program transfers information from Accumulator to
K Register, then via I/0 Buffer to analog components
Light Banks on test panel Instantaneous
The accumulator and the counter register are dis-
played.
Lights on Mk 51 of FCS Instantaneous
Mk 113 all mods
For quality of sol'n lights, relative course light,
constraint lights, etc.
To relays in Mk 50, 51 andInstantaneous
75 of KS Mk 113 all mods
To signal that range, course, speed, and bearing
for a particular channel has been calculated and
are available as analog information.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes None
Diodes
1N251 97
1N270 76
1N429 38
1N537 11
1N645 97
1N659 11,762
1N663 2,412
1N749 22
Does not include diodes in which less than 10 per
type are used.
Transistors
2N335
20
2N388 1,317
2N501 3,232
2N597 68
2N599 2,361
2N665 17
Does not include transistors in which less than
10 per type are used.
Magnetic Cores 82,000
Used in computer memory and switching.
The Mk 130 Mod 0 uses "resistor coupled transistor
logic" (Fen) or "nor" logic throughout.
CHECKING FEATURES
Fixed checking features include a card test panel, capable of
checking all circuit boards, a computer test panel, providing
manual communication with all portions of computer, and a
margin check panel, wherein switch settings determine voltage
variation for marginal checking.
Optional checking features include a test console, which can
duplicate computer test panel and in addition can furnish
input/output facilities of flexowriter, high speed punch, switch
inputs, camp outputs, digital shaft encoders, and output servo
modules. It is used for factory checkout only.
Existing computer circuitry can be utilized to activate
portable flexowriter or high speed punch without use of test
console if desired. Portable input/output devices not available
at this time but can be developed with minimum design effort.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power
Kw KVA Factor Remarks
Power, computer 2.85 3.15 0.9 400 cps, 30, 115V
1.97 1.54 0.8 60 cps, 10, 115V
.21 .21 1.0 26v, DC
Volume, computer 27.4 cu ft
Area, computer 6.7 sq ft
Floor loading, computer 244 lbs/sq ft
244 lbs concentrated max.
Weight, computerApprox. 1,647 lbs
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE MK 130, start page 0612
|
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 1
Number in current operation 1
Number in current' production 1
Number on order 8
Anticipated production rates 1 per month
Time required for delivery 6-8 months
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Training made available by manufacturer to users includes a factory
maintenance course on the Mk 130 digital computer, which comprises 3 to 4
weeks of instruction. The Mk 130 digital computer is an unmaned piece of
equipment in its tactical application. Maintenance will be performed by user
personnel (U. S. Navy) aided by Librascope Field Service.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
All circuitry is completely transistorized and mounted in readily
accessible modules. Test points have been provided on all circuit modules
and chassis assemblies for ease of maintenance. A circuit module tester
capable of testing all circuit modules is provided as part of the digital
computer. All subassemblies are accessible from the front of the computer.
Diagnostic routines are available to the user. Circuitry is conservatively
designed and will operate over an ambient temperature range of
OoP to 110oF. During prototype evaluation
only two failures have occurred in over 1000 hours of operation.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Unique system advantages include a micro-program unit which can be
modified to create new or variations of existing commands to tailor computer
operation to suit individual situations without major redesign.
Photo by Librascope Division, General Precision, Inc.
BRL 1961, LIBRASCOPE MK 130, start page 0613
|
Photos by Librascope Division, General Precision, Inc.
BRL 1961, LIBRATROL 500, start page 0614
|
LIBRATROL 500
Libratrol 500 Computing System
MANUFACTURER
Librascope Division
General Precision Equipment Corporation
Photo by Public Service Company of Colorado
APPLICATIONS
Manufacturer
General purpose computing where computing equipment must
communicate directly with equipment external to the computer,
via digital inputs or via voltage inputs.
General purpose computing where computing equipment must
send control signals to equipment external to the computer.
Examples of applications are quality control for
both continuous and batch production processes-real
time, process control for both continuous and batch
processes, and equipment test stand instrumentation
(data acquisition, logging and calculation).
Frank ford Arsenal
This computer is being incorporated into a bread-
board of an automatic checkout system, the purpose
of which is to automatically and rapidly test and
evaluate the performance of combat vehicles. The
above tasks include fault isolation of malfunction-
ing components or parts, the preparation of logictics
data in the English language, and record keeping of
items which pass through the test station. The first
item to be so tested will be of the engine and trans-
mission system of the M48A1 combat tank.
Public Service Co. of Colorado
Located on West 3rd Avenue and Lipan Street, Denver,
Colorado, the system is used on-line for calculation
ofhourly gas loads delivered into company systems by
suppliers. Input by telemeter from remote stations
through digital converter to computer. It is also
used off-line for calculation and printing of orifice
meter deliveries to gas customers, input by paper
tape, and miscellaneous engineering problems, as they
arise.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 30 bits plus sign
Binary digits/instruction 4
Instructions per word 1
BRL 1961, LIBRATROL 500, start page 0615
|
Integrated System Photo by Frank ford Arsenal
Instructions decoded 16
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Floating point is programmable.
Instruction type One address
+--------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----+----------+
| 0 | 1 12 | 13 16 | 17 18 | 19 24 | 25 30 | 31 | Sp |
+--------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----+----------+
| Sign | |Instruction | | Track | Sector | | Spacer |
+--------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----+----------+
A complete set of compiler and utility programs are
available.
Registers include counter register, accumulator, and
instruction register.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 7,750 (Mean access) 250
23,000 (Mean access) 15,000
23,000 (Mean access) 15,000
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Vacuum tubes 175
Diodes 1,750
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
Though operation is listed as being sequential, the input system
of the LIBRATROL 500, since it is independent of the
computing portion of the machine, is capable of inputting
information while calculation is proceeding concurrently.
STORAGE
Manufacturer
Media No. of Words No. of Digits
Magnetic Drum (Main) 4,096 126 976
Magnetic Drum (Buffer) 64 1,984
Access time is variable between 500 and 15,000
microseconds.
Magnetic tape will be developed.
Frankford Arsenal
No. of No. of Access
Medium Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Drum 4,096 31 binary 9,000 (avg)
Public Service
Magnetic Drum 4,096 32 binary
BRL 1961, LIBRATROL 500, start page 0616
|
Photo by Librascope Division, General Precision
INPUT
Manufacturer
Media Speed
Analog 60 samples/sec
Digital 60 char/sec
Paper Tape 10 or 60 char/sec
Typewriter 10 char/sec
Above items are standard.
Frankford Arsenal
Paper Tape approx 5 char/sec
Mechanical tape reader.
Flexowriter used and input also available through
Flexowriter keyboard.
Public Service
Electric Typewriter 570 char/min
Analog-Digital Converter 75 words/sec
Data can be supplied by punched paper tape.
OUTPUT
Manufacturer
Medium Speed
Paper Tape 10 char/sec
Frank ford Arsenal
Flexowriter approx 8 char/sec
Public Service
Electric Typewriter
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Manufacturer
Type Quantity
Tubes
6AN8 5915 5965 2D21
5687 5963 6197 3RPIA
Total 175 approx
Diodes
1N617 1,450 approx
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Manufacturer
Power, computer 2.5 Kw
Volume, computer 49 cu ft
Area, computer 13.7 sq ft
Room size 24 sq ft
Floor loading 78 lbs/sq ft
Weight, computer 1,000 lbs (nominal)
A separate 115 volt, 20 ampere circuit is recommended.
Frankford Arsenal
Power, computer 2.3 KVA
Volume, computer 30 cu ft
Area, computer 10 sq ft
Room size 20 ft x 60 ft
Weight, computer 1,000 lbs
Public Service
Power, computer 2 Kw
Power, air condi (2 required)7.25 Kw each
Volume, computer 47.4 cu ft
Volume, air conditioner 89.4 cu ft each
Area, computer 13.22 sq ft
Area, air conditioner 29.8 sq ft each
Floor loading 110 lbs/sq ft
Capacity, air conditioner 7.5 Tons, each
Weight, computer 1,450 lbs
Reinforced floor (wood).
BRL 1961, LIBRATROL 500, start page 0617
|
PRODUCTION RECORD
Manufacturer
Number produced to date Over 400
Number in current operation 380
Number in current production 15
Number on order 15
Time required for delivery 3 months
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Manufacturer
Cost
1 Libratrol 500 Computer with $84,500
120 input channels and analog
to digital converter
Frankford Arsenal
Basic System
Computer and Flexowriter 89,000
Additional Equipment
Commutator extender 5,000
Digital inputs & high speed input mode 20,000
300 magnetic latching mercury wetted 20,000
relays
Spare parts 5,000
D/A converters (5) 1,000
-------
Total $51,000 [? that is what it says in the book]
Public Service
Basic System
Computer, Digitizer, 1-Flexowriter 90,000
Additional Equipment
1-Flexowriter 4,000
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturer
One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour
Shift Shifts Shifts
Supervisors 1 1 1
Programmers 1 1 1
Operators 1 2 3
Engineers 1 1 1
Thirty days of instruction time is included in the sale price
for programming and maintenance training of customer
personnel.
Frankford Arsenal
One 8-Hour shift
Used Recommended
Programmers 1.5 1.5
Method of training is informal.
Public Service
The department, which is the principal user of this computer
has 16 employees. The two engineers in the department, program
and maintain the computer. Two girls prepare tapes and, to a large
extent, operate the computer, and file tapes and work sheets.
While it is planned to train additional department personnel to
work with the computer, there is no need for increasing the
number of employees doing any one computer job.
Methods of training includes on-the-job training.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Manufacturer
The combination of conservatively rated, carefully
engineered components, with simplicity of design,
conspires to allow the computing elements to function
with only 113 vacuum tubes.Reliability should
normally exceed 99% up-time over a 6 month period.
Public Service
Good time 166 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time 168 Hours/Week (Average)
Operatubg ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.988
Above figures based on period 1 May 60 to present Time is
available for rent to qualified outside organizations.
The reliability figures refer only to basic computer operation.
We have had difficulty with input of data through the analog-
digital system which has been combined with the computer.
Reliability figures on the total system would be greatly lower.
Because of the input problem the system has not as yet been
accepted.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Public Service
An outstanding feature is that the system permits computer-
controlled input of telemetered values. It has two Flexovriters
(off-line and on-line) which are controlled by the program.
The fact that the system permits working off-line programs
and a continuing on-line program is a unique advantage.
FUTURE PLANS
Frankford Arsenal It should be noted that the Libratrol
500 Computer has been assimilated into the Automatic Checkout
equipment. It is now merely a component of the system, and is
no longer identifiable as a Libratrol 500 Computer. The
questionnaire answers, however, are with respect to the computer
portion of the checkout system only, i. e., only the computer
memory is discussed although additional memory capability is
inherent in the checkout system. Public Service Possible
replacement in 5 or 6 years is planned.
INSTALLATIONS
U. S. Army Ordnance Arsenal, Frankford
Bridge and Tacony Streets
Philadelphia 3T, Pennsylvania
Public Service Company of Colorado
900 15th Street
Denver, Colorado
BRL 1961, LIBRATROL 1000, start page 0618
|
LIBRATROL 1000
Libratrol Computing System Model 1000
MANUFACTURER
Librascope Division
General Precision Equipment Corporation
Photo by Librascope Division, General Precision, Inc.
APPLICATIONS
System is intended for general purpose computing,
where computing equipment must communicate directly
with equipment external to the computer via digital
or voltage (analog) inputs and where computing equipment
must develop control signals to equipment external
to the computer. Examples of applications
are quality control for both continuous and batch
production processes-real time, process control for
both continuous and batch processes, and equipment
test stand instrumentation - data acquisition, log-
ging, and calculations.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 32
Binary digits/instruction 5
Instructions per word 1
Instructions decoded 32
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Floating point is programmable.
Instruction type Two address
Instruction word format
+---------+-----------------------------------+---------+
| | operand Address Next Inst Address | |
+---------+--------+--------+-------+---------+---------+
| S1 4 | 5 11 | 12 17 | 18 24 | 25 30 | 31 |
+---------+--------+--------+-------+---------+---------+
| Command | Track | Sector | Track | Sector | Address |
| | | | | | Modify |
| | | | | | Flag |
+---------+--------+--------+-------+---------+---------+
BRL 1961, LIBRATROL 1000, start page 0619
|
A complete set of compiler and utility programs are
available.
Additive index register and double length accumulator.
Lower accumulator can be made to operate on eight words
at a time.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 1,000 250
Mult 17,000 16,250
Div 17,000 16,250
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
Though operation is listed as being sequential, the input
system of the L-1000, since it is independent of the computing
portion of the machine, is capable of receiving information
while calculation is proceeding concurrently.
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Drum (Main) 8,000 256,000 250
Magnetic Drum (Buffer) 64 2,016 250
Magnetic Tape
No. of units that can be connected 64 Units
Magnetic tape is a future development.
INPUT
Media Speed
Analog 60 samples/sec(2,000 samples
sec optional)
Digital 60 char/sec (Standard)
Paper Tape 1060 char/sec (Standard)
Typewriter 10 char/sec (Standard)
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape 60 char/sec (Optional
Typewriter 10 char/sec Standard
Control (analog 120 char/sec (Standard
or digital)
Line Printer 300 char/sec (Optional)
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes
CRT1 (digital display for monitoring)
Diodes
1N617 2,400
Transistors 650 (basic system)
2N1301
2N393
2N404
2N357
2N597
2F1130
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 2 Kw
Volume, computer 48 cu ft
Area, computer 12 sq ft
Room size 24 sq ft
Capacity, air conditioner 1 Ton
Weight, computer 1,000-1,200 lbs
Air conditioner is included and self-contained
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One operator required for each shift.
Training made available by the manufacturer to the user
includes programming and maintenance.
FUTURE PLANS
Magnetic tape input and a core buffer unit are planned.
INSTALLATIONS
Librascope Division
General Precision Equipment Corporation
808 Western Avenue
Glendale, California
BRL 1961, LINCOLN CG 24, start page 0620
|
LINCOLN CG 24
Lincoln CG 24
MANUFACTURER
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lincoln Laboratory
Photo by Massachusetts Institute of Technology
APPLICATIONS
CG 24 is a general purpose computer attached to a long-range
radar both for receiving detected echoes and for directing the
antenna. It is operated in real time primarily for the collection
and processing of radar tracking data. Storage of such data is
made directly into high-speed memory under program control.
The research was supported jointly by the Department of the
Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the
Air Force under Air Force Contract No. AF 19(122)-458.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Number of binary digits/word 24 plus sign
Number of binary digits/instruction 24
Number of instructions/word 1
Total number of instructions decoded 46
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type (Floating point sub-routines)
one address
Number range
-1 _< n <= 1 - 2-24
Instruction word format
+-------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Bit | 0-3 | 4-9 | 10-24 |
+-------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | Index | Instruction | Address |
+-------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
Registers and B-boxes include 5 sets of registers of 8 bits
each and a real time clock register.
Negative numbers are treated in twos complement form.
Arithmetic algorithms handle either positive or negative
numbers.
BRL 1961, LINCOLN CG 24, start page 0621
|
CG-24 CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL
CONSTRUCTION: SOLID STATE
application- GENERAL-PURPOSE PLUS REAL-TIME CONTROL
TIMING - - - SYNCHRONOUS, 330 Kcps.
OPERATION -- SEQUENTIAL, SUBJECT TO SELF-MODIFICATION
NUMERICAL SYSTEM
INTERNAL NUMBER SYSTEM . . . 27-BIT BINARY WORDS,
INCLUDING TWO PARITY BITS
SINGLE-ADDRESS INSTRUCTIONS.
FIXED-POINT ARITHMETIC SYSTEM, PROGRAMMED FLOATING POINT
SUBROUTINE.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
ADDITION TIME . . . - . . . . . . . . . 24 us (incl. memory access)
MULT-DIV TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 us (" )
SQUARE ROOT TIME . . . . . . . . . . 300,us (" )
STORAGE SYSTEM
8192 WORDS, COINCIDENT CURRENT MAGNETIC CORES, 12 us
CYCLE TIME
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
FLEXOWRITER CRT DISPLAY WITH NUMERIC
GENERATOR PHOTOELECTRIC TAPE READER.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl. Stor. AccessExclud. Stor. Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 24 12
Malt 84 74
Div 84 74
Construction, arithmetic unit only Arithmetic unit
consists of transistors and diodes.
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Multiplication and division operations consist
of serially adding or subtracting. Addition and
subtraction are parallel operations.
Timing Synchronous
OperationSequential and concurrent
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Core 8,192 27/word 12
Magnetic Tape 5 x 105 24/word 272
binary words/tape
No. of units that can be connected 7 Units
No. of characters/linear inch 200 Chars/inch
Channels or tracks on tape 7 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches
Tape speed 75 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 15,000 Chars/sec
Start time 5 Millisec
Stop time 1.5 Millisec
Average time for experienced
operator to change reel of tape 90 Seconds
Physical properties of tape
Width 1/2 Inches
Length of reel 1,200 Feet
Composition 0.0015 in mylar
The 7-channel digital tape units are Ampex FR-300 with
packing density of 200 bit inch in each channel. These are
operated at 75 in. per second. Two units were installed in
August 1960.
BRL 1961, LINCOLN CG 24, start page 0622
|
INPUT
Media Speed
Magnetic Tape 15,000 char/sec
6 binary digits/char
Paper Tape 200 char/sec
6 binary digits/char
Ferranti Photoreader
Keyboard Flexowriter
Manual Toggle switch
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Magnetic Tape 15,000 char/sec
6 binary digits/char
Paper Tape 135 char/sec
6 binary digits/char
Soroban Punch
Keyboard 570 ltrs/min on line
Flexowriter
Display with camera 18,000 octal digits/sec
Numbers are formed as Lissajou
figures from X-Y inputs
Two servo units are connected to the lower accumulator in
such a fashion as to provide for program control of elevation
and azimuth angle synchro data for a radar antenna.
In June 1960 an alpha-numeric display (using the 6 bit
Flexowriter code) was connected to CG 24. It has added
photographic facilities. It includes two CRT's. The speed is 75
microseconds per figure or letter.
An input buffer provides for real time input of radar
position and range rate data.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes
K1354P11M 1
K1354P7M 1
5965 6
6o8o 2
6073 7
5651 4
6BL7 1
8013 2
12AX7 2
2,21 2
CRT display circuits
Diodes
S347G 21,700
SG22 7,900
HD2085 3,6oo
Total 33,200
Transistors
4JD2A6 7,950
2N123 6,250
2N385 2,850
M201Z 875
GT34 500
CK750 320
904A 185
GT83 60
Total 18,930
Magnetic Cores
S-1 Ferrite 229,376
Component count as of May 1958
CHECKING FEATURES
Fixed Core memory: parity check on each half word
Magnetic tapes: parity check (IBM mode) Perforated
tapes: modulo 25 check sum.
Optional Magnetic tapes: Programmer may use error correcting
mode. This provides 2 error detection, 1 error correction.
The mode gives 3 of the 7 tracks for data.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 4.6 Kw (May 1960)
Power, air conditioner 4.5 Kw (Including Room)
Volume, computer 680 cu ft
Area, computer 110 sq ft
Room size allocated 1,200 sq ft
Capacity, air conditioner 5 Tons
Weight, computer 5,000 lbs
The computer requires 110 sq. feet of floor space. A set of 3
rooms (total area 1200 sq. ft.) is devoted to computer, tapes,
maintenance, stock and input buffers. The air conditioner
supplies 2500 cu. ft/min. from an 11-inch high plenum
underneath the computer proper. The air conditioner services
other parts of the building. The 5 ton capacity is an estimated
fair proportion. Computer logic power is derived from 400
cycle rotating machinery.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 1
Number in current operation 1
System is not being produced.
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
CG 24 was built as part of an experimental prototype
system. It cost approximately $1,000,000.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Typical Personnel One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 1
Programmers 4
Operators 1
Engineers 1
Technicians 1
BRL 1961, LINCOLN CG 24, start page 0623
|
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
CG 24 has been operating for about 2 years. It has been on power almost
constantly, being operated an average of 8 hours per day.
Faults have been primarily due to connections (Arkless wiring
originally unsoldered has been soldered), other contacts and receptacle
pins, memory adjustments (generally not component failures), and photo
reader (generally not component failures). Qualitatively, it is difficult to
assign many (if any) semiconductor failures to aging. Rather, most are
traceable to man-made shorts.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Unique system advantages include a very flexible arrangement for
receiving and processing long range radar echo data, for directing
antenna, and for simulating major parts of receiving and processing
equipment.
INSTALLATIONS
Lincoln Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lexington, Massachusetts
BRL 1961, LINCOLN TX 0, start page 0624
|
LINCOLN TX 0
Lincoln Test-Experimental Computer Model 0
MANUFACTURER
Lincoln Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Photo by Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
APPLICATIONS
Manufacturer
An experimental digital computer used to test ad-
vance design techniques, including very large core
storage and transistor circuitry.
The research reported in this computing system
description was sponsored ,jointly by the Army, Navy
and Air Force under contract with the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 18
Binary digits/instruction 18
Instructions/word 1
Instructions decoded 25
Arithmetic system Ring-adder
Instruction type One address
Number range Not appropriate
Three instructions are addressable and 1 is micro-
programmable.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add time 6 1
Malt time 1,000 1,000
Div time 1,000 1,000
Construction 1,000 transistors
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Synchronous
Operation Concurrent
Computer performs 83,000 additions per second.
Mulitply and divide is programmed.
STORAGE
Media Words Digits Microsec
Magnetic Core 65,536 18/word 3
Flip-flop 1 18/word 0.5
Toggle Switch 16 18/word 3
A parity bit is additional. Read-rewrite time is
6 microseconds.
BRL 1961, LINCOLN TX 0, start page 0625
|
Photo by Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
LINCOLN TX 0 and TX 2 Memory Plane
INPUT
Media Speed
Photo Reader 250 lines/sec
Flexowriter Manual
Toggle Switch Manual
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Flexowriter 10 char/sec
Display (CRT 16 microsec/spot
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Tubes 440
Tube types 3
Crystal diodes 350
Magnetic cores1,245,773
Transistors 3,500
Separate cabinets 5
Three major tube types, a small number of others. Most
tubes are used in the large memory. The transistors are the
Philco L-5122 Surface Barrier Transistor.
CHECKING FEATURES
Parity check on memory systems. Marginal checking is built
in.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Power, computer 10 Kw
Vole, computer 1,000 cu ft
Area, computer 200 sq ft
Capacity, air conditioner 40 Tons
Weight, computer 4,000 lbs
Above figures are approximate. Air conditioner is necessary
for memory only.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced 1
Number in operation 1
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
One picture shows close-up view of magnetic core memory
plane and other picture shows random-access core memory,
frame of memory-core selection-switch drivers, computer
arithmetic element and control element, and computer
operating console.
INSTALLATIONS
Lincoln Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lexington 73, Massachusetts
BRL 1961, LINCOLN TX 2, start page 0626
|
LINCOLN TX 2
Lincoln Test Experimental Computer 2
MANUFACTURER
Lincoln Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Photo by Lincoln Laboratory, MIT
APPLICATIONS
Computing system is used for scientific research and for
the simulation, analysis, and control of real time systems.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 36 + 1 + 1
Binary digits/instruction 36 + 1 + 1
Instructions per word 1
Instructions decoded 64
Arithmetic system Fixed point (Ones comple-
ment binary)
Instruction type Indexable; Indirect ad-
dressing on all instructio
Number range -(1 - 2-35) to (1 - 2-35)
Instruction word format
+-------+----------+----------+-------+---------+------------+------------+
| 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 17 |
+-------+----------+----------+-------+---------+------------+------------+
| meta | hold | configu- | op | Index | indirect | base |
| bit | bit | ration | code | regis | address | address |
| | | reg. no. | | ter | bit | |
+-------+----------+----------+-------+---------+------------+------------+
All fixed programs are in toggle switch or plug-
board storage.
Automatic coding includes standard compiler, which
provides full symbolic coding facilities.
All four arithmetic registers and the exchange
register are addressable as part of memory. There
are sixty-four 18-bit parity-checked index registers.
Indirect addressing can be repeated indefinitely.
33 program (instruction) counters are provided,
only one of which is used at a time.
Each in-out unit is associated with a program
counter. Choice of program counter is determined by
in-out unit, by program, and by relative priority of
program counters.
Any instruction can specify a configuration of the
computer during the execution of the-instruction. A
36 bit operand word can be divided into one 36, one
27 and one 9, two 18, or four 9 bit subwords formed
from the 9 bit quarters. The 9 bit quarters can be
permuted among themselves. Any or all of the sub-
words can be used simultaneously. For example, two
18 bit multiplications are done by one multiply in-
struction in less time than one 36 bit multiplication.
BRL 1961, LINCOLN TX 2, start page 0627
|
Photo by Lincoln Laboratory, MIT
Memory Stall
One bit of each computer memory word is used for parity
checking. The other is used as a tag bit for program debugging.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 4.8 1.4
Mult 9.6 - 19.2 5 - 17 (9 bit-36 bit)
Div 19.6 - 80.0 17.2 - 75 (9 bit-36 bit)
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors 8,800
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Synchronous
Operation Concurrent
The following table lists the number of thousands of
arithmetic operations of a given type which can be executed
per sec.
Word Length in Bits 36 27 18 9
Arithmetic + 200 200 400 800
Operation x 50 67 17 400
/ 13 17 48 200
STORAGE
Read-
No. of Write No. of
Media Words Time Digits/Word Microsec
Magnetic Core 65,536 6.4 36 + 1 + 1 3.4
S Memory
Magnetic Core 4,096 4.4 36 + 1 + 1 2.2
T Memory
Toggle switch, 80 4.8 36 + 1 2.6
plugboard, etc
Magnetic Core 64 3.4 18 + 1 0.6
Index Memory
Magnetic Film 32 0.8 9 + 1 0.3
Config. Memory
Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 512 Units
No. of lines /er linear inch 330 Lines/inch
Channels or tracks on the tape 10 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 0 Inches
Tape speed 30-1000 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 3,300-37,500 Chars/sec
Start time 250 Millisec
Stop time 10,000-250 Millisec
physical properties of tape
Width 3/4 Inches
Length of reel 7,200 Feet
Composition Mylar type 189 3M
Tape reels are not changed.
BRL 1961, LINCOLN TX 2, start page 0628
|
Fixed address system (like drum). Variable read speed. 32 tape unit drives can
be treated as 1010-bits of internal storage. 14" NARTB reel. Recording
channels are paired. One pair is used for timing marks, another for block marks,
and the remaining three for information. Three lines of information form the
standard unit of information, a 9 bit character.
INPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape 3000 7 bit lines/sec peak speed
Speed is not constant. Accelerates slowly compared
to line width.
Keyboard 10 6 bit char/sec
Lincoln Writer input
Analog-Digital Converter 40,000 11 bit samples/sec Epsco Datrac
converter
Light pen/eye Manual
Signals selected by operator
Random No. Gen. 18,000 9 bit words/sec
Radioactive source
Miscellaneous Input 80 KC
9 channel pulse input to computer from miscellaneous devices.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Paper Tape 180 7 bit lines/sec
Soroban punch
Xerox printer 20 lines/sec
1300 char/sec
88 characters can be printed in 2 sizes. 6 bit
vert. & 9 bit horiz. axes resolution.
Typewriter 10 6 bit char/sec
Lincoln Writer output
CRT point display & Camera 10 KC - 40 KC
10 bit resolution in both axes
Miscellaneous output Up to 500 cycles
9 channel switch for computer control of low rate
devices
Large board plotter 15 in/sec slew speed
PACE plotter
Several input-output units can operate simultaneously so long as the time
required by all the units operating does not saturate the central computer. Each
unit has at most a single-line buffer; whenever a line of data needs to be
transmitted to or from the central computer the unit causes the central computer
to use its associated program counter. The machine can compute while in-out
units are operating. At peak rate, about 80,000 computer words/sec can be
transferred into or out of the computer.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity Use
Tubes
6888 69 Clock pulse amplifiers
5998 312 S memory
Z-2177 296 S memory
Misc. Types 88
Diodes
CTP592 3,000 Input-output circuitry
1N625 736 Input-output circuitry
Misc. Types 1,488 Input-output circuitry
Transistors
L5122 26,042
L5134 31,928
2N501 320
2N357 1,016
Misc. Types 2,227
Magnetic Cores
2,490,880 S memory
155,648 T memory
2,432 X memory
All the vacuum tubes are used in the 65,536 word memory and in the
generation of the computer clock pulses.
Resistor coupled transistor logic in the central computer operates at a 5
megapulse per second rate.
Thin magnetic film memory contains 320 magnetic spots.
CHECKING FEATURES
Checking features include a single bit odd parity check on all memories, a
voltage margin check on all bias voltages, and a manual switching system
selects circuits to be checked. A built-in sync system facilitates locating
machine errors. A library of test programs are used which check the operation
of the computer and which attempt to induce errors.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 20 Kw 25.6 KVA 0.8 pf
Power, air conditioner 17 Kw
Area, computer 1,500 sq ft
Area, air conditioner 350 sq ft
Room size, computer 54 x 29
Room size, air conditioner 17 x 20
Capacity, air conditioner 25 Tons
Cables run through overhead wireways. Air conditioning ducts also
runoverhead. An 8 ft high false ceiling is hung to cover these. Otherwise
building is standard. Most power supplies are solid state. Principally
required for memories.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 1
Number in current operation 1
One-of-a-kind research computer
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Problem originators are trained to use the computer. Paper-tape
preparation facilities and utility programs available to all computer users.
Three engineering assistants and one technician are available to do
routine maintenance and to make changes in the computer system.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
As a research machine, TX-2 operating experience is good but though data
is kept on machine failures, no reliability figures have been computed.
Basic circuits and components are similar to MIT's TX-0 machine.
BRL 1961, LINCOLN TX 2, start page 0629
|
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Outstanding features include an operating thin
magnetic film memory; 65,536 word magnetic core
memory. Fixed address magnetic tape system. Multi-
ple-sequence operation of computer and simultaneous
operation of input-output units permits considerable
flexibility in use of in-out units. Maximum execu-
tion time for any one arithmetic instruction can be
reduced to one memory cycle time by overlapping in-
structions and memories.
Unique system advantages include multiple-sequence
operation, configuration control over operands, thin
magnetic film memory used in control element of com-
puter, and 64 index registers stored in random access
magnetic core memory.
The Lincoln Writer input-output unit permits con-
siderable flexibility in communicating with the
computer.
FUTURE PLANS
Another 4096 word magnetic core memory will be
installed in order to increase opportunities for
overlapping operation of memories.
A magnetic tape unit will be installed which will
be compatible with units used on many commercial
computers.
Input-output units will be added as the needs
develop.
A new control console will replace the present
console.
INSTALLATIONS
Lincoln Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
P. 0. Box 73
Lexington 73, Mass.
BRL 1961, LITTON C 7000, start page 0630
|
LITTON C 7000
Litton Industries, Model C T000
MANUFACTURER
Litton Industries
Electronic Equipment Division
APPLICATIONS
System is designed for real time control systems
applications requiring very high computing rates.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 21
Binary digits/instruction 21
Instructions per word 1
Instructions decoded 35
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Two's complement system of
arithmetic is used
Instruction type One address
Number range - 1 to + 1 - 2-20
Instruction word format
+--------+------------+----------+------------+
| 00 | 01 06 | 07 09 | 10 20 |
+--------+------------+----------+------------+
| Break- | Operation | Index | Address |
| point | Code | Tag | |
+--------+------------+----------+------------+
Automatic built-in subroutines include square root and gray
code to binary conversion.
Three index registers are included.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 4 2
Mult 26 (Average) 22
Div 46 42
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
Special hi speed multiplication technique is used. There is
extensive overlapping in the execution of sequential
instructions resulting in a very high speed computer.
STORAGE
No. of No. of
Media Words Digits(Binary) Microsec
Cores 1,280 28,160 4
Magnetic Drum 12,800 281,600 5,000 (Avg)
INPUT
Media Speed
128 Word Drum Buffer 250 microsec avg to 1st word
4 microsec thereafter
Flexowriter 10 char/sec
Paper Tape 200 char/sec
OUTPUT
Media Speed
512 Word Drum Buffer 1,000 microsec avg to 1st word
4 microsec thereafter
Flexowriter 10 char/sec
CHECKING FEATURES
Parity checks are built in on all core and drum memory transfer
and storage. Program is automatically interrupted when error
occurs and is detected.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.950 Kw
Volume, computer 9.5 cu ft
Area, computer 4 sq ft
Weight, computer 320 lbs
BRL 1961, LITTON C 7000, start page 0631
|
BRL 1961, LITTON DATA ASSESSOR, start page 0632
|
LITTON DATA ASSESSOR
Litton Industries Data Assessor System
MANUFACTURER
Electronic Equipments Division
Litton Industries
Photo by Litton Industries Electronic Equipments Division
APPLICATIONS
System is designed for general purpose computing and
for special purpose problems, which take advantage
of the internal information transfer in the computer.
The useful characteristics are dual half word arith-
metic (simultaneous operation on two half words),
real time input-output functions, large amounts of
data comparison, external control and communication,
and computer-computer communication.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits/word 32
Binary digits/instruction 32
Instructions per word 1
Instructions decoded 55
Arithmetic systemFixed point
30 bits plus sign or two half words each of 15 bits
plus sign
Instruction type One address
Number range Either +- (230 - 1) or
two half words of +- (215 - 1)
Input-output functions are automatic.
All B-box operations are included within each
order. These include choice of B-box and whether
the B-box itself should be modified.
Each command associated with information transfer
contains stencil bits which allow full word, half
word, or shifted half word transfer. In addition,
it is possible to transfer a word logically multi-
plied by a stencil word.
BRL 1961, LITTON DATA ASSESSOR, start page 0633
|
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add 12 6
Mult 60-102 48-90 (half or full word)
Div 60-102 48-90 (half or till word)
A square root order is included. It takes 96 or 186
microseconds.
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors 1,600
Diodes 17,000
Arithmetic modeParallel
Timing Synchronous
Operation Concurrent
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Digits Microsec
Cores 1,024 32 6
Drum 2,560 32 6-17,000
Up to eight independent magnetic tape units could
be connected to the computer.
INPUT
Media Speed
Data Link 750 bits/sec
Analog/Digital Converter 20 bits/6 microsee
Control Panel
Link and converter are programmable.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Cathode Ray Tube 20 bits/6 microsec
Control Equipment 30 bits/6 microsec
Outputs are programmable. The input-output equipment
specified is for a special purpose application. The input-output
buffers can accept serial or parallel information up to a total
maximum rate of 32 bits each 6 microseconds. The ability of each
input buffer is programmable, but the various functions are
controlled by the availability of external data.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
FUTURE PLANS
Type Quantity
Diodes 23,000
1,000 memory
16,000 logic
6,000 clamps on the out-
puts or inputs of
flip-flops or boosters
or double inverters
Transistors 3,100
275 flip-flops at 4 each
200 power boosters at 2
each
800 double inverters at
2 each
Magnetic Cores 34,000
The basic building blocks of the system are 4 transistor flip-
flops, 2 transistor power boosters, and 2 transistor double
inverters. In addition, there are several cards of fast adder carry
propogation logic. The major number of cards in the system
contain diode logic. There are numerous cards which are required
for the mechanization of the core memory. Plans include
provision of a separate memory for input -output to avoid
interference with computation, additional memory modules, and
geranium modules with silicon for wide ambient temperature
range.
CHECKING FEATURES
There exists a parity bit in each word in core storage. If a
parity bit failure occurs, or an incorrect order occurs, the error
flip-flop turns on.
Program can be used to interpret error information. Under
operator control, an error will either turn off the computer or
cause the program to tally and classify such errors.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
Power, computer 1.5 Kw 2.0 KVA 0.75 pf
Volume, computer 21 cu ft
Area, computer 9 sq ft
Room size 7 ft x 7 ft x 7 ft high
(Suitable for Helihut use)
Floor loading 60 lbs/sq ft
Weight, computer 500 lbs
The computer will work in an environment from 20oF
to 100oF, and as such, no air conditioning was
planned for the initial installation. Present system
operates at 60 cps. A 400 cps model can be made
available.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number in current production 1
Number on order 1
Time required for delivery 6-8 months
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One operator is required for each shift. The present
mechanization contains a self checking program and as
it works on a real-time problem, it proceeds auto-
matically. Because of this, a single operator is all
that is required.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
The design of the circuits is based upon very con-
servative techniques in order to assure a high degree
of reliability.The worst-case method of analysis
has been used to insure that the circuits operate
satisfactorily while being subjected to the most ad-
verse combination of component tolerances and para-
meter variations. In addition, all of the components
have been derated with respect to allowable dissipa-
tion, voltage, etc. Component characteristics, such
as current gain, are based upon history-derived esti-
mate of the end-of-life value.
Provision is made in the Data Assessor for auto-
matic checking.If a parity error should occur in
the core memory, or if an incorrect order should be
read, the appropriate error flip flop will turn on
and this information would be entered into the com-
puter.A switch on the control panel can be set to
either stop the computer after an error, or allow
the program to analyze the error.The program can be
set to determine and tally the various types of errors.
The program can then either correct them if they
occur rarely or stop the computer and alert the opera-
tor if they occur often.
TheData Assessor is mechanized to provide all the
error checking information necessary for complete
error detection and checking.The amount of error
checking performed depends on the type of program
used.Outstanding features include self modifying B-
box operation,built in stencil in each order, dual
half word arithmetic, programmable (serial or parallel)
input-outputs,alarm clock, and simplified communica-
tion between computer components.The computer opera-
tes at the rate of about 75,000 operations per second.
Each operation can occur between two sets of independent
variables,such as X, Y navigation. Inputs-outputs do
not interrupt the program.
BRL 1961, LOGISTICS, start page 0634
|
LOGISTICS
ONR ERA Logistics Computer
MANUFACTURER
Engineering Research Associates, Inc.
Photo by George Washington University
APPLICATIONS
Located at the Staughton Hall, 707 22nd Street, NW, Washington 7, D. C.,
the system is used for the numerical simulation of naval operations in the area of
supply, mathematical studies in the area of matrix games, situations of attrition,
and certain kinds of war game studies. System is also used directly as a research
instrument in the development of concepts bearing upon data processing
operations by the military.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary coded decimal
Digits per word 12
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type Three address (approx)
Number range -(5.1011 - 1) <= N <= (5.1011 - 1)
Instruction word format
Normal mode of program storage is by way of wired instructions (many
address) on a plugboard. A program may be stored internally and decoded
by means of a control program wired on a plugboard. This latter method has
been little used because of its low speed.
There are 15 registers.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Operation Incl. Stor. Access
Microsec
Add 500
Mult 500 - 1000
Div (Programmed division)
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Vacuum-Tubes 4,500
Condenser-Diodes 5,000
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous
Operation Sequential
System is serial in decimal digits, parallel in bits for each decimal
digit.
STORAGE
No. of No. of Access
Media Words Dig/Word Microsec
Magnetic Drum var. 14,000-37,000 12-4 16,000
Magnetic Drum 7,000-80,000 60-4 16,000
High speed 15 12 220 Kc
registers Shift rate
Total digit capacities of drums are about 185,000 and 400,000
respectively.
BRL 1961, LOGISTICS, start page 0635
|
Second drum has usual read and write. The location or absence of a given
word may be determined in one revolution by means of one of a system of
SEARCH instructions.
INPUT
Media Speed
Card (collator) 240 cards/min
Paper Tape 200 columns/sec
Paper tape input are Ferranti readers. Card rate is alternating from each of
two pockets.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Card 50 cards/min
Paper Tape 60 char/sec two
Two paper tape outputs are teletype perforators.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Type Quantity
Tubes 4,500
Diodes 5,000
Transistors 10,000
Magnetic Cores 3,240 (bits)
CHECKING FEATURES
Most commonly used checking feature is that machine will detect presence of
non-numeric binary codes and will stop or branch.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION
KVA, computer 19
KVA, air conditioner 22
Volume, computer 910 cu ft
Volume, air conditioner 130 cu ft
Area, computer 130 sq ft
Area, air conditioner 18 sq ft
Room size, computer and 918 sq ft
air conditioner
Floor loading 7.4 lbs/sq ft
86 lbs concen max
Capacity, air conditioner 11 Tons
Computer was installed in a gutted area of building with heavy floor.
Further ceiling support was provided. Motor generator set was installed in
a small addition to main building. Building was an apartment house.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced to date 1
Number in current operation 1
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Cost/Price for basic system
Computer and one drum $350,000
Ferranti readers and 4,000
tape punches
Total $354,000
Cost/Price for additional equipment
Input Output buffer $ 95,000
Second drum (see above) 200,000 Computer and equipment cited is owned
by Office of Naval Research. Rental rates for additional equipment includes
$200 monthly for collator and punch used for Input-Output.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One 8-Hour Shift
Analysts 3
Programmers 4
Clerks 2 keypunch operators
Engineers 2
Technicians 2
Operation tends towards open shop. Method of training used is "write, load
and debug."
Additional shift operations are filled in by programming staff or by the
hiring on temporary basis of "computer Watchers" when tending is all that is
required.
No increase in engineering staff would probably be required if we ran
2 shifts all the time.
Computer is capable of protracted good time.
Personnel cited above is approximation of relatively informal organizational
setup.
The engineers cited are capable of work at all levels of electronic
engineering and have extensively modified the original computer (delivery
February 1953) both logically and in the matter of capacity of certain
elements.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Good time 37 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.9
Above figures based on period 1 Jan 56 to 30 Jun 56
Time is available for rent to outside qualified
organizations.
Our down time figures would indicate that our "would have run if
computer were OK time" would be about 10% of our good time, hence the
indicated ratio. During 1958 and 1959 a heavy modification program has
reduced good time. Our current (last six months) good time is 16, with a
somewhat lower operating ratio, i.e. 0.75.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
The search logic as noted above. Given that a certain register contained the
word w, one or another of the search instructions would determine its absence,
the address of its location )somewhere), or of its "next" location, or of its "first"
location in about 16 milliseconds.
FUTURE PLANS
A new adder is being built for this machine.
The operation is serial and digital addition will occur every two drum
(shift) clocks instead of during the 7 now used.
Division, 11 decimal digits divided by 11 decimal digits plus signs will
be installed.
INSTALLATIONS
The George Washington University Logistics
Research Project 707 22nd Street, N. W.
Washington 7, D. C.
BRL 1961, MAGNEFILE B, start page 0636
|
MAGNEFILE B
Magnefile Electronic Data Processing System B
MANUFACTURER
Electronics Corporation of America
Business Machines Division
Photo by Electronics Corporation of America
APPLICATIONS
Inventory control for retail sales department store. Special
purposes no longer in production.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Decimal
Decimal digits/word 8
Instructions/word Instructions wired in
Instructions used 7
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One address
Three addresses are entered simultaneously.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Add time (exclud stor access) 150,000 microsec
Construction vacuum tubes
Basic pulse repetition rate 30 Kc/sec
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Asynchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
Medium Words Access Microsec
Magnetic Drum 4,040 300,000
INPUT OUTPUT
Media Speed
Full Keyboard 4 char/sec
Typewriter 7 char/sec
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Tubes 130 6 Types
Crystal diodes 40
Different plug-in units 10
Separate cabinets 1
CHECKING FEATURES
Continuous checking total
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 0.6 Kw
Area, computer 3.5 ft x 2.5 ft
Weight, computer 400 lbs
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Approximate cost of basic system $20,000.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One operator required during operation. A service technician
is called when needed.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Passed Customer Acceptance Test15 February 1954.
INSTALLATIONS
B. Altman and Company
Fifth Avenue
New York, New York
BRL 1961, MAGNEFILE D, start page 0600
|
MAGNEFILE D
Magnefile Electronic Data Processing System Model D
MANUFACTURER
Electronics Corporation of America
Business Machines Division
Photo by Electronics Corporation of America
APPLICATIONS
Inventory control. No longer manufactured.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Decimal
Decimal. digits/word 42
Instructions/word Instructions wired in
Instructions used 77
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One address
Three one-address commands are entered
simultaneously.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Add time (exclud stor access) 100,000 microsec
Construction Vacuum tubes
Basic pulse repetition rate 40 Kc/sec
Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Asynchronous
Operation Sequential
STORAGE
Media Words Access Microsec
Magnetic Drum 8,000 50 000
Magnetic Drum 500 50,000
The larger drum stores 8,000 21 dec dig words.
The smaller drum stores 500 42 dec dig words.
INPUT OUTPUT
Media Speed
Full Keyboard Manual (4 char/sec)
Typewriter 10 char/sec
Remote keyboards may be added.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Tubes 140 4 Types
Crystal diodes 240
Different plug-in units 12
Separate cabinets 1
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 1 Kw
Area, computer 5 ft x 3 ft
Weight, computer 700 lbs
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced 1
No longer in production
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Approximate cost of basic system $50,000. No longer in
production.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
One operator. On call technician.
RELIABILITY OPERATING EXPERIENCE.
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Passed Customer Acceptance Test 5 August 1953.
INSTALLATIONS
B. Altman and Company
Fifth Avenue
New York, New York
BRL 1961, MANIAC I, start page 0638
|
MANIAC I
Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and
Computer Model I
MANUFACTURER
University of California
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Photo by University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
APPLICATIONS
University of New Mexico Research Center Located at University of New
Mexico Research Center, 2206 Lomas Blvd., N.E. (Box 181), albuquerque,
New Mexico, the system is used for general purpose scientific computations,
providing a computer service to faculty and students of the university.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary
Binary digits per word 40
Binary digits/instruction 8
Instructions per word 2
Instructions decoded 36
Binary digits/instruction
not decoded 2
Instructions used 35
Arithmetic system Fixed point
Instruction type One address
Number range -1 < n < 1
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Exclud Stor Access
Microsec
Add time 80
Mult time 1,000
Div time 1,000
Construction Vacuum tubes
Arithmetic mode Parallel
Timing Asynchronous
Operation Concurrent
STORAGE
Access
Media Words Microsec
Electrostatic (CRT) 1,024 8 - 16
Magnetic Drum 10,000 50 words in 83,000
Cathode Ray Tube is of the Williams type.
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