(************** Content-type: application/mathematica ************** CreatedBy='Mathematica 5.0' Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used with any Mathematica-compatible application, such as Mathematica, MathReader or Publicon. The data for the notebook starts with the line containing stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). 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For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. *******************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 388827, 15343]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 390355, 15389]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 390264, 15383]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Babbage", "Title", FontSize->18], Cell["\<\ A brief explanation of the method of differences, used in Charles Babbage's \ Difference Engine #2\ \>", "Subtitle", FontSize->16], Cell["\<\ Original Mathematica code by Ed Theren, rewritten by Scott Centoni.\ \>", "Subtitle", FontSize->16], Cell["\<\ The Difference Engines were designs for large machines to automatically print \ out tables of mathematical functions by extrapolation from a small number of \ points, using the method of differences.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["initialization", "Section"], Cell[BoxData[ \(CleanSlate[]\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["imports", "Subsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(Needs["\"]\)], "Input"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["prologs", "Subsection"], Cell["Automatically display matrices in MatrixForm.", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\($PrePrint = If[MatrixQ[#], MatrixForm[#], #] &;\)\)], "Input"], Cell["Improve the appearance of text in graphs.", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\($TextStyle = {FontFamily \[Rule] "\", FontSize \[Rule] 12}\) \)\(;\)\(\ \)\(\($FormatType = TraditionalForm\) \)\(;\)\(\ \)\)\)], "Input"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["misc", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ Print non-matrix 2D tables in a format that keeps the items centered on each \ line.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(CheckerInterleave[x_] := Most@Flatten[\({#, "\<\>"} &\) /@ x, 1]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(CheckerPad[n_]\)[x_] := Module[{\[IndentingNewLine]padding = Table["\<\>", {k, n - Length[x]}]\[IndentingNewLine]}, \[IndentingNewLine]Join[ padding, CheckerInterleave[x], padding\ ]\[IndentingNewLine]]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(CheckerForm[x_] := Module[{\[IndentingNewLine]width = Max[Length /@ x]\[IndentingNewLine] (*\(,\)\(strlen = Max@Map[Length@ToString, x, {2}]\)*) \[IndentingNewLine]}, \ \[IndentingNewLine]TableForm[\[IndentingNewLine]CheckerPad[width] /@ x, \[IndentingNewLine]TableSpacing \[Rule] {4, 1}\[IndentingNewLine]]\[IndentingNewLine]]\)], "Input"], Cell["Pascal's triangle", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Table[Binomial[n, k], {n, 0, 8}, {k, 0, n}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({{1}, {1, 1}, {1, 2, 1}, {1, 3, 3, 1}, {1, 4, 6, 4, 1}, {1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1}, {1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1}, {1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1}, {1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1}}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CheckerForm[Table[Binomial[n, k], {n, 0, 8}, {k, 0, n}]]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[GridBox[{ {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "2", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "3", "\<\"\"\>", "3", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "4", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "4", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "5", "\<\"\"\>", "10", "\<\"\"\>", "10", "\<\"\"\>", "5", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "15", "\<\"\"\>", "20", "\<\"\"\>", "15", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "7", "\<\"\"\>", "21", "\<\"\"\>", "35", "\<\"\"\>", "35", "\<\"\"\>", "21", "\<\"\"\>", "7", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"1", "\<\"\"\>", "8", "\<\"\"\>", "28", "\<\"\"\>", "56", "\<\"\"\>", "70", "\<\"\"\>", "56", "\<\"\"\>", "28", "\<\"\"\>", "8", "\<\"\"\>", "1"} }, RowSpacings->4, ColumnSpacings->1, RowAlignments->Baseline, ColumnAlignments->{Left}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, TableForm[ BoxForm`e$, TableSpacing -> {4, 1}]]]], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["method of differences", "Section"], Cell["\<\ Perhaps the best way of thinking of the Difference Engine is as a machine for \ extrapolating tables of numbers. For instance, if we have a sequence of \ numbers 0,1,8,27,64, we recognize this as a list of the first few cubes. But \ if we did not make use of this information, how could we predict the next \ number? One way to approach this is to look at the successive differences \ from one item to the next:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(Differences[x_] := Rest[x] - Most[x]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(seq = {0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216};\)\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Differences@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Hmm, not quite obvious what the pattern is, so let's repeat the process\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Differences@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({6, 12, 18, 24, 30}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Aha...well, we can predict the next item in this sequence, but let's do it \ again anyway\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Differences@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({6, 6, 6, 6}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Differences@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 0, 0}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ We can see the pattern more clearly by showing all the differences \ together.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(dat = NestList[Differences, \ seq, \ 5]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({{0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216}, {1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91}, {6, 12, 18, 24, 30}, {6, 6, 6, 6}, {0, 0, 0}, {0, 0}}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CheckerForm[dat]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[GridBox[{ {"0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "8", "\<\"\"\>", "27", "\<\"\"\>", "64", "\<\"\"\>", "125", "\<\"\"\>", "216"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "7", "\<\"\"\>", "19", "\<\"\"\>", "37", "\<\"\"\>", "61", "\<\"\"\>", "91", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "12", "\<\"\"\>", "18", "\<\"\"\>", "24", "\<\"\"\>", "30", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"} }, RowSpacings->4, ColumnSpacings->1, RowAlignments->Baseline, ColumnAlignments->{Left}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, TableForm[ BoxForm`e$, TableSpacing -> {4, 1}]]]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Of course, all the higher-order differences are exactly zero, so that taking \ the first item in each list of differences forms a new sequence, 0, 1, 6, 6, \ 0, ...\ \>", "Text"], Cell["\<\ Now, with a bit of thought, it should be evident that this process can be \ reversed: if we have the sequence of coefficients, we can generate the \ sequence of values. That is precisely what the Difference Engine does: One \ inputs the difference coefficients, and cranks the machine to repeatedly add \ them up to obtain the values. Matrix multiplication is a useful way to \ express this process (though it was not developed until after the Difference \ Engine was designed).\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(crm[x_] := \(crm[x] = Table[If[0 \[LessEqual] j - i < 2, 1, 0], {i, x}, {j, x}]\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(cri[x_] := \(cri[x] = Table[If[i \[LessEqual] j, \((\(-1\))\)\^\(i + j\), 0], {i, x}, {j, x}]\)\)], "Input"], Cell["\<\ This is the matrix representing cranking through a Difference Engine with 6 \ wheels:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(crm[6]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[ RowBox[{"(", "\[NoBreak]", GridBox[{ {"1", "1", "0", "0", "0", "0"}, {"0", "1", "1", "0", "0", "0"}, {"0", "0", "1", "1", "0", "0"}, {"0", "0", "0", "1", "1", "0"}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "1", "1"}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "1"} }], "\[NoBreak]", ")"}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, MatrixForm[ BoxForm`e$]]]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ This is the matrix that represents cranking that machine backward:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(cri[6]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[ RowBox[{"(", "\[NoBreak]", GridBox[{ {"1", \(-1\), "1", \(-1\), "1", \(-1\)}, {"0", "1", \(-1\), "1", \(-1\), "1"}, {"0", "0", "1", \(-1\), "1", \(-1\)}, {"0", "0", "0", "1", \(-1\), "1"}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "1", \(-1\)}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "1"} }], "\[NoBreak]", ")"}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, MatrixForm[ BoxForm`e$]]]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ If we do first one, then the other, then we get the identity matrix\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(crm[6] . cri[6]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[ RowBox[{"(", "\[NoBreak]", GridBox[{ {"1", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0"}, {"0", "1", "0", "0", "0", "0"}, {"0", "0", "1", "0", "0", "0"}, {"0", "0", "0", "1", "0", "0"}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "1", "0"}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "1"} }], "\[NoBreak]", ")"}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, MatrixForm[ BoxForm`e$]]]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[BoxData[ \(Crank[x_] := crm[Length[x]] x\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(ReverseCrank[x_] := cri[Length[x]] . x\)], "Input"], Cell["This basically cranks the machine once:", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Crank[{0, 1, 6, 6}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({1, 7, 12, 6}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["That is, 0+1=1, 1+6=7, 6+6=12.", "Text"], Cell["Let's crank the machine again:", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Crank@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({8, 19, 18, 6}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["So 1+7=8, 7+12=19, 12+6=18.", "Text"], Cell["Again:", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Crank@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({27, 37, 24, 6}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["Or, better yet, several steps shown in sequence:", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(NestList[Crank, \ {0, 1, 6, 6, 0}, \ 7]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[ RowBox[{"(", "\[NoBreak]", GridBox[{ {"0", "1", "6", "6", "0"}, {"1", "7", "12", "6", "0"}, {"8", "19", "18", "6", "0"}, {"27", "37", "24", "6", "0"}, {"64", "61", "30", "6", "0"}, {"125", "91", "36", "6", "0"}, {"216", "127", "42", "6", "0"}, {"343", "169", "48", "6", "0"} }], "\[NoBreak]", ")"}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, MatrixForm[ BoxForm`e$]]]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ And we see that the first column has reproduced our table of function values, \ plus one more--and we could keep on cranking the machine as long as we \ wanted. In most cases, we're only concerned with the values taken on \ sequentially by the register shown in the first column.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankTimes[regs_, n_] := First /@ NestList[Crank, regs, n]\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankTimes[{0, 1, 6, 6, 0}, 20]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000, 1331, 1728, 2197, 2744, 3375, 4096, 4913, 5832, 6859, 8000}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankThrough[regs_] := CrankTimes[regs, Length[regs] - 1]\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankThrough[{0, 1, 6, 6, 0}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1, 8, 27, 64}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["using the machine to crank out its own coefficients", "Section"], Cell["\<\ There is a trick to use the machine to generate its own coefficients from a \ table of regularly-spaced values. If you reverse the sign of every other item \ in the sequence before and after cranking through the list, it just churns \ out the coefficients.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(Alternate[x_] := x \((\(-1\))\)\^Range[0, Length[x] - 1]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(DeCrankThrough[regs_] := Alternate@\(CrankThrough@\(Alternate@regs\)\)\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(DeCrankThrough[{0, 1, 8, 27, 64}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1, 6, 6, 0}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "If we input ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`n\)]], " numbers as function values, we can output ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`n\)]], " numbers as coefficients without making any assumptions about higher-order \ terms. If we output more than ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`n\)]], " numbers, we assume that the higher-order differences are all zero." }], "Text"], Cell["Let's look at what happens in the general case:", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Array[a, \ 5]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({a[1], a[2], a[3], a[4], a[5]}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(DeCrankThrough[Array[a, \ 5]] // TableForm\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ InterpretationBox[GridBox[{ {\(a[1]\)}, {\(\(-a[1]\) + a[2]\)}, {\(a[1] - 2\ a[2] + a[3]\)}, {\(\(-a[1]\) + 3\ a[2] - 3\ a[3] + a[4]\)}, {\(a[1] - 4\ a[2] + 6\ a[3] - 4\ a[4] + a[5]\)} }, RowSpacings->1, ColumnSpacings->3, RowAlignments->Baseline, ColumnAlignments->{Left}], TableForm[ { a[ 1], Plus[ Times[ -1, a[ 1]], a[ 2]], Plus[ a[ 1], Times[ -2, a[ 2]], a[ 3]], Plus[ Times[ -1, a[ 1]], Times[ 3, a[ 2]], Times[ -3, a[ 3]], a[ 4]], Plus[ a[ 1], Times[ -4, a[ 2]], Times[ 6, a[ 3]], Times[ -4, a[ 4]], a[ 5]]}]]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ This is very similar to the definition of a derivative, but note that the \ derivatives of different orders are being approximated at different points. \ We do recover the original points by cranking through the machine in the \ normal way:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankThrough@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({a[1], a[2], a[3], a[4], a[5]}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["scaling the step size", "Section"], Cell["\<\ The technique of using the Difference Engine to generate its own coefficients \ from a sequence of equally-spaced values is of limited practical benefit. \ It's more useful if we can adjust the coefficients afterward to produce a \ more finely-spaced sequence.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "To begin with, we consider the coefficients that correspond to the simple \ integer powers, ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`1, x, x\^2, x\^3, ... \)]] }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(polycoeff[0] = {1};\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(polycoeff[n_] := DeCrankThrough[Table[k\^n, {k, 0, n}]]\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CheckerForm[Table[polycoeff[k], {k, 0, 8}]]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[GridBox[{ {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "2", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", \ "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "6", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "14", "\<\"\"\>", "36", "\<\"\"\>", "24", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "30", "\<\"\"\>", "150", "\<\"\"\>", "240", "\<\"\"\>", "120", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "62", "\<\"\"\>", "540", "\<\"\"\>", "1560", "\<\"\"\>", "1800", "\<\"\"\>", "720", "\<\"\"\>", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"\<\"\"\>", "0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "126", "\<\"\"\>", "1806", "\<\"\"\>", "8400", "\<\"\"\>", "16800", "\<\"\"\>", "15120", "\<\"\"\>", "5040", "\<\"\"\>"}, {"0", "\<\"\"\>", "1", "\<\"\"\>", "254", "\<\"\"\>", "5796", "\<\"\"\>", "40824", "\<\"\"\>", "126000", "\<\"\"\>", "191520", "\<\"\"\>", "141120", "\<\"\"\>", "40320"} }, RowSpacings->4, ColumnSpacings->1, RowAlignments->Baseline, ColumnAlignments->{Left}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, TableForm[ BoxForm`e$, TableSpacing -> {4, 1}]]]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ We'll try the cube function again, but this time sample it with a step of two \ instead of one.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(func = x\^3;\)\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Table[func, {x, 0, 14}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000, 1331, 1728, 2197, 2744}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(dat = Table[func, {x, 0, 14, 2}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 8, 64, 216, 512, 1000, 1728, 2744}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(coe = DeCrankThrough[dat]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 8, 48, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ We see that instead of the coefficient list {0,1,6,6,0,...} we got before, we \ get larger values. But we can't just multiply the coefficients by a constant \ to change the step size.\ \>", "Text"], Cell["\<\ It turns out that we can multiply the coefficient list by a matrix that will \ scale the step. To scale a 7th-order coefficient list by one half, we \ multiply it on the left by\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"halve", "=", TagBox[ RowBox[{"(", "\[NoBreak]", GridBox[{ {"1", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0"}, { "0", \(1\/2\), \(-\(1\/8\)\), \(1\/16\), \(-\(5\/128\)\), \ \(7\/256\), \(-\(21\/1024\)\), \(33\/2048\)}, {"0", "0", \(1\/4\), \(-\(1\/8\)\), \(5\/64\), \(-\(7\/128\)\), \ \(21\/512\), \(-\(33\/1024\)\)}, {"0", "0", "0", \(1\/8\), \(-\(3\/32\)\), \(9\/128\), \(-\(7\/128\)\), \ \(45\/1024\)}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", \(1\/16\), \(-\(1\/16\)\), \(7\/128\), \ \(-\(3\/64\)\)}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "0", \(1\/32\), \(-\(5\/128\)\), \(5\/128\)}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", \(1\/64\), \(-\(3\/128\)\)}, {"0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", \(1\/128\)} }], "\[NoBreak]", ")"}], Function[ BoxForm`e$, MatrixForm[ BoxForm`e$]]]}], ";"}]], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(halve coe\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ This recovers the coefficient list we saw before, and the same technique \ works with any function.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankThrough[coe]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 8, 64, 216, 512, 1000, 1728, 2744}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankThrough[halve . coe]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["We can repeat this to get a step size of one half:", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(halve . halve . coe\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1\/8, 3\/4, 3\/4, 0, 0, 0, 0}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(CrankThrough[halve . halve . coe]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0, 1\/8, 1, 27\/8, 8, 125\/8, 27, 343\/8}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N@%\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({0.`, 0.125`, 1.`, 3.375`, 8.`, 15.625`, 27.`, 42.875`}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "The general scaling matrix (of the appropriate order) is a function of the \ scaling factor ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`r\)]], "." }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(CoeffMat[n_] := Transpose@Table[PadRight[polycoeff[k], n + 1], {k, 0, n}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(scalmat[r_, n_] := CoeffMat[n] . \((IdentityMatrix[n + 1] r\^Range[0, n])\) . 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.01473 Mdot 32351 .01473 Mdot .32423 .01473 Mdot .32495 .01473 Mdot .32567 .01473 Mdot .32639 .01473 Mdot .3271 01473 Mdot .32782 .01473 Mdot .32854 .01473 Mdot 32926 .01473 Mdot .32998 .01473 Mdot .3307 .01473 Mdot .33142 .01473 Mdot .33213 .01473 Mdot .33285 01473 Mdot .33357 .01473 Mdot .33429 .01473 Mdot 33501 .01474 Mdot .33573 .01474 Mdot .33644 .01474 Mdot .33716 .01474 Mdot .33788 .01474 Mdot .3386 01474 Mdot .33932 .01474 Mdot .34003 .01474 Mdot 34075 .01474 Mdot .34147 .01474 Mdot .34219 .01474 Mdot .34291 .01474 Mdot .34362 .01474 Mdot .34434 01474 Mdot .34506 .01474 Mdot .34578 .01474 Mdot 3465 .01474 Mdot .34721 .01474 Mdot .34793 .01474 Mdot .34865 .01475 Mdot .34937 .01475 Mdot .35008 01475 Mdot .3508 .01475 Mdot .35152 .01475 Mdot 35224 .01475 Mdot .35295 .01475 Mdot .35367 .01475 Mdot .35439 .01475 Mdot .35511 .01475 Mdot .35582 01475 Mdot .35654 .01475 Mdot .35726 .01475 Mdot 35798 .01475 Mdot .35869 .01475 Mdot .35941 .01476 Mdot .36013 .01476 Mdot .36085 .01476 Mdot .36156 01476 Mdot .36228 .01476 Mdot .363 .01476 Mdot 36372 .01476 Mdot .36443 .01476 Mdot .36515 .01476 Mdot .36587 .01476 Mdot .36658 .01476 Mdot .3673 01476 Mdot .36802 .01477 Mdot .36873 .01477 Mdot 36945 .01477 Mdot .37017 .01477 Mdot .37089 .01477 Mdot .3716 .01477 Mdot .37232 .01477 Mdot .37304 01477 Mdot .37375 .01477 Mdot .37447 .01477 Mdot 37519 .01478 Mdot .3759 .01478 Mdot .37662 .01478 Mdot .37734 .01478 Mdot .37805 .01478 Mdot .37877 01478 Mdot .37949 .01478 Mdot .3802 .01478 Mdot 38092 .01479 Mdot .38163 .01479 Mdot .38235 .01479 Mdot .38307 .01479 Mdot .38378 .01479 Mdot .3845 01479 Mdot .38522 .01479 Mdot .38593 .0148 Mdot 38665 .0148 Mdot .38737 .0148 Mdot .38808 .0148 Mdot .3888 .0148 Mdot .38951 .0148 Mdot .39023 0148 Mdot .39095 .01481 Mdot .39166 .01481 Mdot 39238 .01481 Mdot .39309 .01481 Mdot .39381 .01481 Mdot .39453 .01481 Mdot .39524 .01482 Mdot .39596 01482 Mdot .39667 .01482 Mdot .39739 .01482 Mdot 3981 .01482 Mdot .39882 .01483 Mdot .39954 .01483 Mdot .40025 .01483 Mdot .40097 .01483 Mdot .40168 01483 Mdot .4024 .01483 Mdot .40311 .01484 Mdot 40383 .01484 Mdot .40454 .01484 Mdot .40526 .01484 Mdot .40597 .01485 Mdot .40669 .01485 Mdot .40741 01485 Mdot .40812 .01485 Mdot .40884 .01485 Mdot 40955 .01486 Mdot .41027 .01486 Mdot .41098 .01486 Mdot .4117 .01486 Mdot .41241 .01487 Mdot .41313 01487 Mdot .41384 .01487 Mdot .41456 .01487 Mdot 41527 .01488 Mdot .41599 .01488 Mdot .4167 .01488 Mdot .41742 .01489 Mdot .41813 .01489 Mdot .41885 01489 Mdot .41956 .01489 Mdot .42028 .0149 Mdot 42099 .0149 Mdot .4217 .0149 Mdot .42242 .01491 Mdot .42313 .01491 Mdot .42385 .01491 Mdot .42456 01492 Mdot .42528 .01492 Mdot .42599 .01492 Mdot 42671 .01493 Mdot .42742 .01493 Mdot .42813 .01493 Mdot .42885 .01494 Mdot .42956 .01494 Mdot .43028 01494 Mdot .43099 .01495 Mdot .43171 .01495 Mdot 43242 .01495 Mdot .43313 .01496 Mdot .43385 .01496 Mdot .43456 .01497 Mdot .43528 .01497 Mdot .43599 01497 Mdot .4367 .01498 Mdot .43742 .01498 Mdot 43813 .01499 Mdot .43885 .01499 Mdot .43956 .015 Mdot .44027 .015 Mdot .44099 .015 Mdot .4417 01501 Mdot .44241 .01501 Mdot .44313 .01502 Mdot 44384 .01502 Mdot .44455 .01503 Mdot .44527 .01503 Mdot .44598 .01504 Mdot .4467 .01504 Mdot .44741 01505 Mdot .44812 .01505 Mdot .44884 .01506 Mdot 44955 .01506 Mdot .45026 .01507 Mdot .45097 .01507 Mdot .45169 .01508 Mdot .4524 .01508 Mdot .45311 01509 Mdot .45383 .0151 Mdot .45454 .0151 Mdot 45525 .01511 Mdot .45597 .01511 Mdot .45668 .01512 Mdot .45739 .01513 Mdot .4581 .01513 Mdot .45882 01514 Mdot .45953 .01514 Mdot .46024 .01515 Mdot 46096 .01516 Mdot .46167 .01516 Mdot .46238 .01517 Mdot .46309 .01518 Mdot .46381 .01518 Mdot .46452 01519 Mdot .46523 .0152 Mdot .46594 .01521 Mdot 46666 .01521 Mdot .46737 .01522 Mdot .46808 .01523 Mdot .46879 .01524 Mdot .46951 .01524 Mdot .47022 01525 Mdot .47093 .01526 Mdot .47164 .01527 Mdot 47235 .01527 Mdot .47307 .01528 Mdot .47378 .01529 Mdot .47449 .0153 Mdot .4752 .01531 Mdot .47591 01532 Mdot .47663 .01532 Mdot .47734 .01533 Mdot 47805 .01534 Mdot .47876 .01535 Mdot .47947 .01536 Mdot .48018 .01537 Mdot .4809 .01538 Mdot .48161 01539 Mdot .48232 .0154 Mdot .48303 .01541 Mdot 48374 .01542 Mdot .48445 .01543 Mdot .48517 .01544 Mdot .48588 .01545 Mdot .48659 .01546 Mdot .4873 01547 Mdot .48801 .01548 Mdot .48872 .01549 Mdot 48943 .0155 Mdot .49014 .01551 Mdot .49085 .01552 Mdot .49157 .01553 Mdot .49228 .01555 Mdot .49299 01556 Mdot .4937 .01557 Mdot .49441 .01558 Mdot 49512 .01559 Mdot .49583 .01561 Mdot .49654 .01562 Mdot .49725 .01563 Mdot .49796 .01564 Mdot .49867 01566 Mdot .49938 .01567 Mdot .5001 .01568 Mdot 50081 .01569 Mdot .50152 .01571 Mdot .50223 .01572 Mdot .50294 .01573 Mdot .50365 .01575 Mdot .50436 01576 Mdot .50507 .01578 Mdot .50578 .01579 Mdot 50649 .01581 Mdot .5072 .01582 Mdot .50791 .01584 Mdot .50862 .01585 Mdot .50933 .01587 Mdot .51004 01588 Mdot .51075 .0159 Mdot .51146 .01591 Mdot 51217 .01593 Mdot .51288 .01594 Mdot .51359 .01596 Mdot .5143 .01598 Mdot .51501 .01599 Mdot .51572 01601 Mdot .51643 .01603 Mdot .51714 .01605 Mdot 51785 .01606 Mdot .51856 .01608 Mdot .51927 .0161 Mdot .51997 .01612 Mdot .52068 .01614 Mdot .52139 01615 Mdot .5221 .01617 Mdot .52281 .01619 Mdot 52352 .01621 Mdot .52423 .01623 Mdot .52494 .01625 Mdot .52565 .01627 Mdot .52636 .01629 Mdot .52707 01631 Mdot .52778 .01633 Mdot .52848 .01635 Mdot 52919 .01637 Mdot .5299 .0164 Mdot .53061 .01642 Mdot .53132 .01644 Mdot .53203 .01646 Mdot .53274 01648 Mdot .53345 .01651 Mdot .53415 .01653 Mdot 53486 .01655 Mdot .53557 .01658 Mdot .53628 .0166 Mdot .53699 .01662 Mdot .5377 .01665 Mdot .5384 01667 Mdot .53911 .0167 Mdot .53982 .01672 Mdot 54053 .01675 Mdot .54124 .01677 Mdot .54195 .0168 Mdot .54265 .01682 Mdot .54336 .01685 Mdot .54407 01688 Mdot .54478 .0169 Mdot .54549 .01693 Mdot 54619 .01696 Mdot .5469 .01699 Mdot .54761 .01702 Mdot .54832 .01704 Mdot .54902 .01707 Mdot .54973 0171 Mdot .55044 .01713 Mdot .55115 .01716 Mdot 55185 .01719 Mdot .55256 .01722 Mdot .55327 .01725 Mdot .55398 .01728 Mdot .55468 .01732 Mdot .55539 01735 Mdot .5561 .01738 Mdot .55681 .01741 Mdot 55751 .01744 Mdot .55822 .01748 Mdot .55893 .01751 Mdot .55963 .01755 Mdot .56034 .01758 Mdot .56105 01761 Mdot .56175 .01765 Mdot .56246 .01769 Mdot 56317 .01772 Mdot .56387 .01776 Mdot .56458 .01779 Mdot .56529 .01783 Mdot .56599 .01787 Mdot .5667 01791 Mdot .56741 .01794 Mdot .56811 .01798 Mdot 56882 .01802 Mdot .56953 .01806 Mdot .57023 .0181 Mdot .57094 .01814 Mdot .57165 .01818 Mdot .57235 01822 Mdot .57306 .01826 Mdot .57376 .01831 Mdot 57447 .01835 Mdot .57518 .01839 Mdot .57588 .01844 Mdot .57659 .01848 Mdot .57729 .01852 Mdot .578 01857 Mdot .5787 .01861 Mdot .57941 .01866 Mdot 58012 .0187 Mdot .58082 .01875 Mdot .58153 .0188 Mdot .58223 .01885 Mdot .58294 .01889 Mdot .58364 01894 Mdot .58435 .01899 Mdot .58505 .01904 Mdot 58576 .01909 Mdot .58646 .01914 Mdot .58717 .01919 Mdot .58787 .01924 Mdot .58858 .0193 Mdot .58928 01935 Mdot .58999 .0194 Mdot .59069 .01946 Mdot 5914 .01951 Mdot .5921 .01957 Mdot .59281 .01962 Mdot .59351 .01968 Mdot .59422 .01973 Mdot .59492 01979 Mdot .59563 .01985 Mdot .59633 .01991 Mdot 59704 .01996 Mdot .59774 .02002 Mdot .59845 .02008 Mdot .59915 .02014 Mdot .59985 .02021 Mdot .60056 02027 Mdot .60126 .02033 Mdot .60197 .02039 Mdot 60267 .02046 Mdot .60338 .02052 Mdot .60408 .02059 Mdot .60478 .02065 Mdot .60549 .02072 Mdot .60619 02079 Mdot .60689 .02085 Mdot .6076 .02092 Mdot 6083 .02099 Mdot .60901 .02106 Mdot .60971 .02113 Mdot .61041 .0212 Mdot .61112 .02127 Mdot .61182 02135 Mdot .61252 .02142 Mdot .61323 .02149 Mdot 61393 .02157 Mdot .61463 .02164 Mdot .61534 .02172 Mdot .61604 .02179 Mdot .61674 .02187 Mdot .61745 02195 Mdot .61815 .02203 Mdot .61885 .02211 Mdot 61955 .02219 Mdot .62026 .02227 Mdot .62096 .02235 Mdot .62166 .02244 Mdot .62237 .02252 Mdot .62307 0226 Mdot .62377 .02269 Mdot .62447 .02278 Mdot 62518 .02286 Mdot .62588 .02295 Mdot .62658 .02304 Mdot .62728 .02313 Mdot .62799 .02322 Mdot .62869 02331 Mdot .62939 .0234 Mdot .63009 .0235 Mdot 63079 .02359 Mdot .6315 .02368 Mdot .6322 .02378 Mdot .6329 .02388 Mdot .6336 .02397 Mdot .6343 02407 Mdot .63501 .02417 Mdot .63571 .02427 Mdot 63641 .02437 Mdot .63711 .02448 Mdot .63781 .02458 Mdot .63851 .02468 Mdot .63922 .02479 Mdot .63992 02489 Mdot .64062 .025 Mdot .64132 .02511 Mdot 64202 .02522 Mdot .64272 .02533 Mdot .64342 .02544 Mdot .64412 .02555 Mdot .64483 .02566 Mdot .64553 02578 Mdot .64623 .02589 Mdot .64693 .02601 Mdot 64763 .02613 Mdot .64833 .02624 Mdot .64903 .02636 Mdot .64973 .02649 Mdot .65043 .02661 Mdot .65113 02673 Mdot .65183 .02685 Mdot .65253 .02698 Mdot 65323 .02711 Mdot .65393 .02723 Mdot .65463 .02736 Mdot .65533 .02749 Mdot .65603 .02762 Mdot .65674 02775 Mdot .65744 .02789 Mdot .65814 .02802 Mdot 65884 .02816 Mdot .65954 .02829 Mdot .66024 .02843 Mdot .66093 .02857 Mdot .66163 .02871 Mdot .66233 02885 Mdot .66303 .029 Mdot .66373 .02914 Mdot 66443 .02929 Mdot .66513 .02944 Mdot .66583 .02958 Mdot .66653 .02973 Mdot .66723 .02989 Mdot .66793 03004 Mdot .66863 .03019 Mdot .66933 .03035 Mdot 67003 .0305 Mdot .67073 .03066 Mdot .67143 .03082 Mdot .67212 .03098 Mdot .67282 .03114 Mdot .67352 03131 Mdot .67422 .03147 Mdot .67492 .03164 Mdot 67562 .03181 Mdot .67632 .03198 Mdot .67702 .03215 Mdot .67771 .03232 Mdot .67841 .0325 Mdot .67911 03267 Mdot .67981 .03285 Mdot .68051 .03303 Mdot 68121 .03321 Mdot .6819 .03339 Mdot .6826 .03357 Mdot .6833 .03376 Mdot .684 .03394 Mdot .6847 03413 Mdot .68539 .03432 Mdot .68609 .03451 Mdot 68679 .03471 Mdot .68749 .0349 Mdot .68819 .0351 Mdot .68888 .0353 Mdot .68958 .0355 Mdot .69028 0357 Mdot .69098 .0359 Mdot .69167 .03611 Mdot 69237 .03631 Mdot .69307 .03652 Mdot .69377 .03673 Mdot .69446 .03695 Mdot .69516 .03716 Mdot .69586 03738 Mdot .69655 .03759 Mdot .69725 .03781 Mdot 69795 .03804 Mdot .69864 .03826 Mdot .69934 .03848 Mdot .70004 .03871 Mdot .70073 .03894 Mdot .70143 03917 Mdot .70213 .03941 Mdot .70282 .03964 Mdot 70352 .03988 Mdot .70422 .04012 Mdot .70491 .04036 Mdot .70561 .0406 Mdot .70631 .04085 Mdot .707 04109 Mdot .7077 .04134 Mdot .70839 .04159 Mdot 70909 .04185 Mdot .70979 .0421 Mdot .71048 .04236 Mdot .71118 .04262 Mdot .71187 .04288 Mdot .71257 04315 Mdot .71326 .04341 Mdot .71396 .04368 Mdot 71466 .04395 Mdot .71535 .04423 Mdot .71605 .0445 Mdot .71674 .04478 Mdot .71744 .04506 Mdot .71813 04534 Mdot .71883 .04563 Mdot .71952 .04591 Mdot 72022 .0462 Mdot .72091 .0465 Mdot .72161 .04679 Mdot .7223 .04709 Mdot .723 .04739 Mdot .72369 04769 Mdot .72439 .04799 Mdot .72508 .0483 Mdot 72578 .04861 Mdot .72647 .04892 Mdot .72716 .04923 Mdot .72786 .04955 Mdot .72855 .04987 Mdot .72925 05019 Mdot .72994 .05051 Mdot .73064 .05084 Mdot 73133 .05117 Mdot .73202 .0515 Mdot .73272 .05184 Mdot .73341 .05218 Mdot .73411 .05252 Mdot .7348 05286 Mdot .73549 .05321 Mdot .73619 .05355 Mdot 73688 .05391 Mdot .73757 .05426 Mdot .73827 .05462 Mdot .73896 .05498 Mdot .73965 .05534 Mdot .74035 05571 Mdot .74104 .05608 Mdot .74173 .05645 Mdot 74243 .05682 Mdot .74312 .0572 Mdot .74381 .05758 Mdot .74451 .05796 Mdot .7452 .05835 Mdot .74589 05874 Mdot .74658 .05913 Mdot .74728 .05953 Mdot 74797 .05993 Mdot .74866 .06033 Mdot .74936 .06074 Mdot .75005 .06115 Mdot .75074 .06156 Mdot .75143 06197 Mdot .75212 .06239 Mdot .75282 .06281 Mdot 75351 .06324 Mdot .7542 .06367 Mdot .75489 .0641 Mdot .75559 .06453 Mdot .75628 .06497 Mdot .75697 06542 Mdot .75766 .06586 Mdot .75835 .06631 Mdot 75904 .06676 Mdot .75974 .06722 Mdot .76043 .06768 Mdot .76112 .06814 Mdot .76181 .06861 Mdot .7625 06908 Mdot .76319 .06955 Mdot .76388 .07003 Mdot 76457 .07051 Mdot .76527 .071 Mdot .76596 .07149 Mdot .76665 .07198 Mdot .76734 .07247 Mdot .76803 07297 Mdot .76872 .07348 Mdot .76941 .07399 Mdot 7701 .0745 Mdot .77079 .07501 Mdot .77148 .07553 Mdot .77217 .07606 Mdot .77286 .07659 Mdot .77355 07712 Mdot .77424 .07765 Mdot .77493 .07819 Mdot 77562 .07874 Mdot .77631 .07929 Mdot .777 .07984 Mdot .77769 .08039 Mdot .77838 .08095 Mdot .77907 08152 Mdot .77976 .08209 Mdot .78045 .08266 Mdot 78114 .08324 Mdot .78183 .08382 Mdot .78252 .08441 Mdot .78321 .085 Mdot .7839 .0856 Mdot .78459 0862 Mdot .78528 .0868 Mdot .78597 .08741 Mdot 78666 .08802 Mdot .78735 .08864 Mdot .78804 .08926 Mdot .78873 .08989 Mdot .78941 .09052 Mdot .7901 09116 Mdot .79079 .0918 Mdot .79148 .09245 Mdot 79217 .0931 Mdot .79286 .09376 Mdot .79355 .09442 Mdot .79423 .09508 Mdot .79492 .09575 Mdot .79561 09643 Mdot .7963 .09711 Mdot .79699 .0978 Mdot 79768 .09849 Mdot .79836 .09918 Mdot .79905 .09988 Mdot .79974 .10059 Mdot .80043 .1013 Mdot .80111 10202 Mdot .8018 .10274 Mdot .80249 .10347 Mdot 80318 .1042 Mdot .80387 .10494 Mdot .80455 .10568 Mdot .80524 .10643 Mdot .80593 .10719 Mdot .80661 10795 Mdot .8073 .10871 Mdot .80799 .10948 Mdot 80868 .11026 Mdot .80936 .11104 Mdot .81005 .11183 Mdot .81074 .11262 Mdot .81142 .11342 Mdot .81211 11423 Mdot .8128 .11504 Mdot .81348 .11586 Mdot 81417 .11668 Mdot .81486 .11751 Mdot .81554 .11834 Mdot .81623 .11918 Mdot .81691 .12003 Mdot .8176 12088 Mdot .81829 .12174 Mdot .81897 .12261 Mdot 81966 .12348 Mdot .82034 .12436 Mdot .82103 .12524 Mdot .82172 .12613 Mdot .8224 .12703 Mdot .82309 12793 Mdot .82377 .12884 Mdot .82446 .12976 Mdot 82514 .13068 Mdot .82583 .13161 Mdot .82651 .13254 Mdot .8272 .13349 Mdot .82788 .13443 Mdot .82857 13539 Mdot .82926 .13635 Mdot .82994 .13732 Mdot 83062 .1383 Mdot .83131 .13928 Mdot .83199 .14027 Mdot .83268 .14127 Mdot .83336 .14227 Mdot .83405 14328 Mdot .83473 .1443 Mdot .83542 .14533 Mdot 8361 .14636 Mdot .83679 .1474 Mdot .83747 .14845 Mdot .83815 .1495 Mdot .83884 .15056 Mdot .83952 15163 Mdot .84021 .15271 Mdot .84089 .1538 Mdot 84157 .15489 Mdot .84226 .15599 Mdot .84294 .15709 Mdot .84362 .15821 Mdot .84431 .15933 Mdot .84499 16046 Mdot .84567 .1616 Mdot .84636 .16275 Mdot 84704 .1639 Mdot .84772 .16506 Mdot .84841 .16623 Mdot .84909 .16741 Mdot .84977 .1686 Mdot .85046 16979 Mdot .85114 .171 Mdot .85182 .17221 Mdot 8525 .17343 Mdot .85319 .17466 Mdot .85387 .17589 Mdot .85455 .17714 Mdot .85523 .17839 Mdot .85592 17965 Mdot .8566 .18092 Mdot .85728 .1822 Mdot 85796 .18349 Mdot .85864 .18479 Mdot .85933 .18609 Mdot .86001 .18741 Mdot .86069 .18873 Mdot .86137 19006 Mdot .86205 .1914 Mdot .86274 .19276 Mdot 86342 .19412 Mdot .8641 .19548 Mdot .86478 .19686 Mdot .86546 .19825 Mdot .86614 .19965 Mdot .86682 20105 Mdot .8675 .20247 Mdot .86819 .2039 Mdot 86887 .20533 Mdot .86955 .20678 Mdot .87023 .20823 Mdot .87091 .2097 Mdot .87159 .21117 Mdot .87227 21265 Mdot .87295 .21415 Mdot .87363 .21565 Mdot 87431 .21717 Mdot .87499 .21869 Mdot .87567 .22023 Mdot .87635 .22177 Mdot .87703 .22333 Mdot .87771 22489 Mdot .87839 .22647 Mdot .87907 .22805 Mdot 87975 .22965 Mdot .88043 .23126 Mdot .88111 .23288 Mdot .88179 .2345 Mdot .88247 .23614 Mdot .88315 2378 Mdot .88383 .23946 Mdot .88451 .24113 Mdot 88519 .24281 Mdot .88587 .24451 Mdot .88655 .24621 Mdot .88723 .24793 Mdot .8879 .24966 Mdot .88858 2514 Mdot .88926 .25315 Mdot .88994 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